Pricing Strategies Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for calculating profit in target profit pricing?

  • Profit = (P × Q) + [FC + (UVC × Q)]
  • Profit = (P × Q) - (FC - UVC × Q)
  • Profit = Total Revenue / Total Cost
  • Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost (correct)
  • In target return-on-sales pricing, which equation describes the target return?

  • 20% = (TR - TC) / TR (correct)
  • 20% = (TR + TC) / TR
  • 20% = (TC - TR) / TR
  • 20% = TR / TC
  • What pricing approach uses the concept of prices being set based on competitors' prices?

  • Above-, At-, or Below-Market Pricing (correct)
  • Dynamic pricing
  • Target profit pricing
  • Cost-plus pricing
  • Which of the following pricing strategies involves selling a product at a loss to attract customers?

    <p>Loss-Leader Pricing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does price serve as an indicator of in marketing?

    <p>Consumer Value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of discount is based on the quantity of units purchased?

    <p>Quantity Discount (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which markdown offers the highest total dollar savings?

    <p>From $86.00 to $69.99 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes setting prices based on the concept of similar products found in the market?

    <p>Customary Pricing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage discount off a $2,000 item represents the greatest total reduction?

    <p>25% off, then 25% off the reduced price (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pricing terms, what does price fixing refer to?

    <p>Collusion between companies to set prices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing strategy is illustrated by a 'Buy One Get One' offer?

    <p>Value Pricing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal concept refers to charging different prices to different consumers for the same product?

    <p>Price Discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deal yields the best total discount on a $40 pair of pants?

    <p>Buy one, get 50% off the second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing strategy adjusts prices frequently based on market demands?

    <p>Dynamic Pricing Policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of value-pricing?

    <p>Setting prices based on consumer perception of worth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does predatory pricing aim to achieve?

    <p>To attract customers with low prices temporarily (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common approach used in probabilistic selling?

    <p>Dynamic pricing based on demand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common misperception about price as an indicator of value?

    <p>Higher prices always equate to better quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the profit equation used to calculate profit?

    <p>Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing objective focuses on maintaining profitability over a long period?

    <p>Managing for Long-Run Profits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor influencing a product's pricing constraints?

    <p>Cost of Production and Marketing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which competitive market type does a single seller dominate the market with no close substitutes?

    <p>Monopoly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the marginal cost in relation to total cost?

    <p>Cost incurred by producing one additional unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing approach sets prices based on competitors' strategies?

    <p>Competition-oriented Approaches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pricing strategy involves setting high initial prices to maximize revenue from customers willing to pay more?

    <p>Skimming Pricing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically shift the demand curve?

    <p>Production Costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pricing is used when products are sold together at a lower rate than if purchased separately?

    <p>Bundle Pricing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is total revenue defined as?

    <p>Selling Price multiplied by Quantity Sold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of odd-even pricing?

    <p>Prices ending in odd numbers create a perception of a lower price (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the costs that do not change with the level of production?

    <p>Fixed Costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a key element of the profit equation?

    <p>Market Share (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does social responsibility play in pricing objectives?

    <p>It encourages ethical considerations in pricing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Value

    The perceived value of a product or service in the eyes of the customer.

    Value-Pricing

    A pricing strategy where the price is set based on the perceived value of the product or service.

    Decoding Today's Consumer Prices

    Decoding today's consumer prices involves understanding how different promotional strategies affect the perceived value of a product.

    BOGO (Buy One Get One) Deal

    A common promotional tactic where customers receive one item free with the purchase of another.

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    "77 & 7" Deal

    Promotional deals that may involve a percentage off or a fixed price reduction.

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    Comparing Discounts

    To evaluate different discounts, consider the total dollar amount saved and the percentage off the original price. Not just the discounted price, but the total dollar amount saved.

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    Decoding Today's Consumer Prices - Savings

    The concept of comparing discounts to figure out which is the best deal for your money.

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    Value Proposition in Discounts

    It's important to compare different discounts in terms of total dollars saved and percentage discounts to make informed decisions.

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    Target Profit Pricing

    A pricing strategy that aims to achieve a predetermined profit level by setting a price that covers all costs and generates the desired profit.

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    Target Return-on-Sales Pricing

    A pricing strategy where the price is set based on the desired return on sales, considering the total revenue and total cost.

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    Customary Pricing

    A pricing strategy that relies on what customers typically expect to pay for a certain product or service. It involves setting the price at or near the expected or established price point.

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    Above-, At-, or Below-Market Pricing

    A pricing strategy that sets the price above, at, or below the average market price for a similar product or service. This strategy allows businesses to compete by differentiating their offerings.

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    Loss-Leader Pricing

    A pricing strategy where a product or service is sold at a price below its cost to attract customers and encourage them to purchase other products.

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    Fixed-Price Policy

    A pricing strategy where the seller maintains a fixed price for a product or service without any adjustments based on market fluctuations or other factors.

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    Dynamic Pricing Policy

    A pricing strategy where the seller adjusts the price dynamically based on various factors like market demand, competition, time of day, or customer behavior. Often used in online marketplaces or by ride-sharing services.

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    Quantity Discounts

    A pricing strategy that offers discounts to buyers who purchase larger quantities of a product. This strategy typically aims to incentivize bulk purchases and increase sales volume.

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    Trade-In Allowances

    A pricing strategy that allows customers to receive credit for their old products when purchasing new products. This strategy is often used for durable goods like cars or electronics.

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    Price Fixing

    An illegal practice where two or more competitors agree to set prices for products or services at a certain level. This violates antitrust laws and limits competition.

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    What is Total Revenue (TR)?

    Total Revenue (TR) is the overall amount of money a company earns from selling its products or services. It's calculated by multiplying the price per unit by the number of units sold.

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    What is Average Revenue (AR)?

    Average Revenue (AR) is the average revenue generated per unit sold. It's calculated by dividing Total Revenue (TR) by the quantity of units sold.

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    What is Marginal Revenue (MR)?

    Marginal Revenue (MR) is the additional revenue earned from selling one more unit. It's the change in total revenue from selling one extra unit.

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    What is Total Cost (TC)?

    Total Cost (TC) is the overall cost of producing and selling goods or services. It includes both fixed costs and variable costs.

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    What is Fixed Cost (FC)?

    Fixed Cost (FC) remains constant regardless of the number of units produced or sold. Examples include rent, salaries, and insurance.

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    What is Variable Cost (VC)?

    Variable cost (VC) fluctuates based on the number of units produced or sold. It includes costs like raw materials, labor directly related to production, and packaging.

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    What is Marginal Cost (MC)?

    Marginal cost (MC) is the additional cost of producing one additional unit. It is the change in total cost from producing one more unit.

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    What is Skimming Pricing?

    Involves setting a high initial price to skim profits from early adopters. This is good for products perceived as premium or innovative.

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    What is Penetration Pricing?

    Setting a low initial price to attract a large customer base quickly. This helps gain market share fast.

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    What is Prestige Pricing?

    This involves pricing a product at a premium price to convey high quality or exclusivity. This works for luxury brands.

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    What is Bundle Pricing?

    Selling a bundle of products together at a discounted price. This encourages more sales and is good for complementary products.

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    What is Odd-Even Pricing?

    Using prices that end in odd numbers (e.g., $9.99) to create the perception of a lower price. It's based on psychology.

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    What is Yield Management Pricing?

    A strategy used in industries with fluctuating demand (like airlines or hotels) to optimize revenue. They offer different prices at different times to maximize profits.

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    What is Cost-Plus Pricing?

    Involves setting a price based on the cost of producing the product, plus a profit margin. It's a straightforward method.

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    What is Managing for Long-Run Profits?

    A strategy used to manage costs in the long run. It focuses on profitability over time rather than immediate short-term profits.

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    What is Managing for Current Profit?

    A strategy that focuses on maximizing current profits. It prioritizes short-term profitability over long-term gains.

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    Study Notes

    Pricing Lecture Notes

    • Pricing is a core element of the marketing mix
    • Identifying market needs involves understanding benefits, features, expenses, quality, and convenience of a product
    • Linking needs to actions involves translating customer needs into specific marketing actions.
    • Segmenting and targeting markets is crucial for effective marketing strategies.
    • A marketing mix comprises product, price, promotion, and place (distribution).
    • Price reflects the perceived value of a product or service.
    • Fair prices, reflecting quality and benefits, indicate good value.
    • Value-Pricing involves setting prices based on customer perception of value, rather than production cost.
    • Advance Selling involves selling a product before it's available.
    • Probabilistic Selling involves selling a product with uncertainty about its specifics until purchase.
    • BOGO (Buy One Get One) Deal increases perceived value for customers.
    • "77 & 7" Deal (77% plus 7% discount).

    Question 1

    • Calculating savings involves subtracting the original price from the sale price to derive total savings.
    • Option A ($86 to $70) yields $16 savings.
    • Option B ($86 to $69.99) yields $16.01 savings.
    • Option C ($26 to $10) yields $16 savings.
      • All options yield the same amount of total savings.

    Question 2

    • Option A (50% off a $2,000 item) results in $1,000 savings.
    • Option B (25% off, then another 25% off the reduced price) results in $875 savings.
    • Option C (20% off, then 20%, then 20% off the reduced price) results in $1,125 savings.
    • Option C yields the largest percentage savings.

    Question 3

    • Determining the best discount offer involves examining potential savings across different options.
    • Option A (Buy one, get 50% off the second) for a $40 pair of pants results in a $20 discount, and a total price of $60.
    • Option B ($20 off all purchases of $60 or more) for a $40 item yields no discount in this specific case.
    • Option C ($10 off the $40 pair) results in a $30 price.
    • Option A yields the best discount in this specific case.

    Profit Equation

    • Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost
    • Profit = (Unit Price * Quantity Sold) – (Fixed Cost + Variable Cost)
    • Revenue generated by sales minus the cost of producing and marketing a product is calculated as profit.

    Pricing Objectives

    • Profit objectives focus on maximizing long-term and/or current profit.
    • Sales objectives aim to increase revenue or meet specific sales targets.
    • Market share objectives seek to maintain or increase market share.
    • Social responsibility objectives involve considering customer accessibility and ethical practices.

    Pricing Constraints

    • Demand: Product class, product group, and brand.
    • Costs: Production and marketing costs.
    • Competitive Market Types: Pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
    • Product: Stage in the Product Life Cycle.

    Pricing Strategies

    • Demand-Oriented Approaches: Skimming Pricing, Penetration Pricing, Prestige Pricing, Odd-Even Pricing, Yield Management, Bundle Pricing
    • Cost-Oriented Approaches: Cost Plus Pricing
    • Profit-Oriented Approaches: Target Profit Pricing, Target Return-on-Sales Pricing
    • Competition-Oriented Approaches: Customary Pricing, Above-, At-, Or Below-Market Pricing, Loss-Leader Pricing

    Price Levels

    • Fixed-Price Policy: Single price for all customers.
    • Dynamic Pricing Policy: Adjusting prices in real-time based on demand, competitions, and customer data.

    Special Price Adjustments

    • Discounts: Quantity discounts.
    • Allowances: Trade-in allowances.
    • Price Fixing: Competitors agree on a set price (Illegally).
    • Price Discrimination: Charging different prices to different consumers for the same product without justification (Illegal).
    • Predatory Pricing: Setting extremely low prices to drive out competitors.
    • Deceptive Pricing: Misleading customers with false or deceptive pricing practices.

    Demand Curve and Factors

    • Demand Curve displays relationship between price a product and the quantity consumers are willing to purchase.
    • Demand Factors include consumer tastes, availability of similar products, consumer income and price.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of pricing within the marketing mix. This quiz covers market needs, value-pricing strategies, and various selling techniques, including advance and probabilistic selling. Test your knowledge on how pricing reflects value and influences customer behavior.

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