Preventing and Controlling Diseases

Preventing and Controlling Disease

• Vaccines are preparations that contain part of or a weakened version of a pathogen, improving the immune system's fight against disease.
• Antiseptics are agents that kill most microbes on living tissue, while disinfectants kill most microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces.
• Sterilants are substances that kill all living microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces.
• Vector control is the process of eradicating agents of disease transmission to prevent disease spread.
• Sanitation is the process of promoting public health by filtering water, cleaning sewage, and collecting waste.

Anorexia Nervosa

• Anorexia nervosa is a mental health condition characterized by distorted body image, extreme caloric restriction, and fear of gaining weight.
• Symptoms include extreme weight loss, fatigue, dizziness, excessive exercise, and preoccupation with body size or shape.
• There are two categories of anorexia nervosa: binge-eating type and restrictive type.
• Risk factors include environmental and psychological factors, and treatment may involve medication, therapy, and hospitalization.

Environmental Health

• Environmental health is a branch of public health that deals with the natural and built environment's impact on human health.
• Environmental health issues include air pollution, climate change, and hazardous substances from human activities.
• Environmental health factors include physical, chemical, biological, and cultural hazards.
• Examples of environmental health hazards include heat, toxins, pathogens, and indoor air pollution.
• The purpose of environmental health is to promote and sustain a healthy and safe life for humans.

Disordered Eating and Bulimia Nervosa

• Disordered eating is a pathological pattern of eating that doesn't meet the criteria for an eating disorder.
• Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating and compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain.
• Symptoms of bulimia nervosa include a sense of no control over eating, self-evaluation influenced by body shape and weight, and recurrent compensatory behavior.
• There are two subtypes of bulimia nervosa: purging and non-purging.
• Common treatments for bulimia nervosa include education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacology, and hospitalization.

Plant Life Cycle

• The life cycle of plants includes a change between two stages: the sporophyte and gametophyte.
• The sporophyte is diploid, producing haploid spores through meiosis, while the gametophyte is haploid and grows from the spore.
• The alternation of generations is the change between the haploid and diploid stages in the life cycle of plants.

Plant Structure and Function

• Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants and have a complex structure consisting of several layers.
• The layers of a leaf include the cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, and lower epidermis.
• The palisade layer is where the bulk of photosynthesis takes place, while the spongy layer stores the products of photosynthesis.

Botany and Flowers

• Botany is the study of plants, and the study of flowers is a specialty within botany.
• Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms and have four whorls or layers: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
• The main characteristic of angiosperms is that they produce flowers and fruits.

Mosses and Non-Vascular Plants

• Mosses are non-vascular plants that belong to Phylum Bryophyta and live in moist environments.
• Non-vascular plants do not have a vascular system and use other systems to uptake and deliver water to different parts of the plant.
• Bryophytes are a type of non-vascular plant and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• The life cycle of mosses involves the alternation of generations between haploid and diploid stages.

Ferns

• Ferns are a group of seedless, vascular plants that reproduce through spores.
• Ferns undergo two distinct life cycles before becoming a mature fern, known as alternating generation.
• The life cycle of ferns involves the production of haploid spores, which grow into a haploid gametophyte, and then a diploid sporophyte.

Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are a group of flowering vascular plants that make up approximately 80% of plant species.
• Angiosperms have two distinct life stages: the haploid stage and the diploid stage.
• The haploid stage is the sexual stage of the plant's life cycle, while the diploid stage is the stage the plant is in for the majority of its life.
• Angiosperms produce perfect, or bisexual, flowers and imperfect, or unisexual, flowers.

Tropism

• Tropism is the involuntary response of an organism associated with its growth rather than its movement.
• Tropism is different from taxis, which is the behavioral response of an organism to an external stimulus.
• There are many forms of tropisms, including gravitropism, phototropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, and chemotropism.
• Auxin is a hormone that plays a key role in plant growth and tropism.

Photoperiodicity

• Photoperiodicity is the response of plants to the 24-hour light/dark cycle.
• Plants sense light with photoreceptors, which can determine if the critical length of light has been met.
• There are three types of plants: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral.
• Short-day plants bloom when there is less than a critical length of sunlight, while long-day plants bloom when there is more than a critical length of sunlight.

Preventing and Controlling Disease

• Vaccines are preparations that contain part of or a weakened version of a pathogen, improving the immune system's fight against disease.
• Antiseptics are agents that kill most microbes on living tissue, while disinfectants kill most microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces.
• Sterilants are substances that kill all living microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces.
• Vector control is the process of eradicating agents of disease transmission to prevent disease spread.
• Sanitation is the process of promoting public health by filtering water, cleaning sewage, and collecting waste.

Anorexia Nervosa

• Anorexia nervosa is a mental health condition characterized by distorted body image, extreme caloric restriction, and fear of gaining weight.
• Symptoms include extreme weight loss, fatigue, dizziness, excessive exercise, and preoccupation with body size or shape.
• There are two categories of anorexia nervosa: binge-eating type and restrictive type.
• Risk factors include environmental and psychological factors, and treatment may involve medication, therapy, and hospitalization.

Environmental Health

• Environmental health is a branch of public health that deals with the natural and built environment's impact on human health.
• Environmental health issues include air pollution, climate change, and hazardous substances from human activities.
• Environmental health factors include physical, chemical, biological, and cultural hazards.
• Examples of environmental health hazards include heat, toxins, pathogens, and indoor air pollution.
• The purpose of environmental health is to promote and sustain a healthy and safe life for humans.

Disordered Eating and Bulimia Nervosa

• Disordered eating is a pathological pattern of eating that doesn't meet the criteria for an eating disorder.
• Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating and compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain.
• Symptoms of bulimia nervosa include a sense of no control over eating, self-evaluation influenced by body shape and weight, and recurrent compensatory behavior.
• There are two subtypes of bulimia nervosa: purging and non-purging.
• Common treatments for bulimia nervosa include education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacology, and hospitalization.

Plant Life Cycle

• The life cycle of plants includes a change between two stages: the sporophyte and gametophyte.
• The sporophyte is diploid, producing haploid spores through meiosis, while the gametophyte is haploid and grows from the spore.
• The alternation of generations is the change between the haploid and diploid stages in the life cycle of plants.

Plant Structure and Function

• Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants and have a complex structure consisting of several layers.
• The layers of a leaf include the cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, and lower epidermis.
• The palisade layer is where the bulk of photosynthesis takes place, while the spongy layer stores the products of photosynthesis.

Botany and Flowers

• Botany is the study of plants, and the study of flowers is a specialty within botany.
• Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms and have four whorls or layers: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
• The main characteristic of angiosperms is that they produce flowers and fruits.

Mosses and Non-Vascular Plants

• Mosses are non-vascular plants that belong to Phylum Bryophyta and live in moist environments.
• Non-vascular plants do not have a vascular system and use other systems to uptake and deliver water to different parts of the plant.
• Bryophytes are a type of non-vascular plant and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• The life cycle of mosses involves the alternation of generations between haploid and diploid stages.

Ferns

• Ferns are a group of seedless, vascular plants that reproduce through spores.
• Ferns undergo two distinct life cycles before becoming a mature fern, known as alternating generation.
• The life cycle of ferns involves the production of haploid spores, which grow into a haploid gametophyte, and then a diploid sporophyte.

Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are a group of flowering vascular plants that make up approximately 80% of plant species.
• Angiosperms have two distinct life stages: the haploid stage and the diploid stage.
• The haploid stage is the sexual stage of the plant's life cycle, while the diploid stage is the stage the plant is in for the majority of its life.
• Angiosperms produce perfect, or bisexual, flowers and imperfect, or unisexual, flowers.

Tropism

• Tropism is the involuntary response of an organism associated with its growth rather than its movement.
• Tropism is different from taxis, which is the behavioral response of an organism to an external stimulus.
• There are many forms of tropisms, including gravitropism, phototropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, and chemotropism.
• Auxin is a hormone that plays a key role in plant growth and tropism.

Photoperiodicity

• Photoperiodicity is the response of plants to the 24-hour light/dark cycle.
• Plants sense light with photoreceptors, which can determine if the critical length of light has been met.
• There are three types of plants: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral.
• Short-day plants bloom when there is less than a critical length of sunlight, while long-day plants bloom when there is more than a critical length of sunlight.

Learn about the different ways to prevent and control diseases, including the use of vaccines and antiseptics to improve the immune system's fight against disease.