57 Questions
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Surfactant = Helps prevent preterm infants' lungs from collapsing Intercostal muscles = Muscles between ribs involved in chest wall movement Diaphragm = Thin dome-shaped muscle separating abdomen from thorax Boyle’s Law = Gas law stating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Match the following statements with the correct process:
Ventilation = Requires contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm Negative pressure breathing = Method used by humans to pull air into lungs Inhalation = Lung volume increases as rib muscles and diaphragm contract Exhalation = Lung volume decreases as rib muscles and diaphragm relax
Match the following lung characteristics with their corresponding descriptions:
Right lung = Has three lobes and is larger in size Left lung = Has two lobes and is smaller in size Human lungs = Not identical in structure, with different lobes for each side Surfactant treatment = Given to infants lacking endogenous surfactant production
Match the following terms with their roles in breathing:
Primary muscles for ventilation = Intercostal muscles and diaphragm Gas pressure and volume relationship = Explains the mechanics of breathing Active process of breathing = Requires skeletal muscle contraction Detailed mechanics of breathing = Involves understanding Boyle’s Law
Match the following steps of gas exchange with their descriptions:
Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ Diffusion at the respiratory surface = O2 moves from the air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from the blood into the air or water Circulation = Transport of dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via circulatory system Diffusion at the tissues = O moves from the blood into the tissues and CO2 moves from the tissues into the blood
Match the following respiratory surfaces with the animals they are found in:
Skin = Amphibians (like frogs) and earthworms Gills = Fish and aquatic organisms Tracheae = Some insects Lungs = Mammals, including humans
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Cellular respiration = Cell’s use of O2 and production of CO2 Gas exchange = Occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces Respiratory surfaces = Vary by animal: skin, gills, tracheae, lungs Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ
Match the following gases with their direction of diffusion in gas exchange:
O2 = Moves from blood into tissues CO2 = Moves from blood into air or water
Match the following actions with their effects on O2 and CO2 levels:
Cellular respiration = Leads to low O2 levels and high CO2 levels in the tissues Circulation = Transport of dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via circulatory system Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ Diffusion at respiratory surface = O2 moves from air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from blood into air or water
Match the following concepts with their importance in gas exchange:
Large, moist respiratory surfaces = Required by animals for exchange of gases between cells and respiratory medium Gas exchange by diffusion = Method through which gas exchange occurs across respiratory surfaces Specialized gas-exchange organs = Locations where movement of air or water aids in gas exchange Focus on lungs in course content = Emphasis on specific organ used for gas exchange in mammals
Match the following actions with their corresponding effects during inhalation:
Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Expansion of thoracic cavity Diaphragm contraction = Increase in lung cavity volume Increased lung cavity volume = Lowering of air pressure in lungs Lowered air pressure in lungs = Air pulled in through airways to inflate lungs
Match the following actions with their corresponding effects during exhalation:
Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Contracting thoracic cavity Diaphragm relaxation = Decrease in lung volume Decreased lung volume = Increased air pressure inside the lungs Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Air pushed out through airways to atmosphere
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Thoracic cavity expansion = Increase in volume Contraction of thoracic cavity = Decrease in volume Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Higher level than atmospheric air Lowered air pressure in lungs = Level below outside pressure
Match the following muscle actions with their corresponding respiratory phases:
Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Inhalation Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Exhalation Diaphragm contraction = Inhalation Diaphragm relaxation = Exhalation
Match the following statements with the correct respiratory process:
Air pulled in through airways to inflate lungs = Inhalation Air pushed out through airways to atmosphere = Exhalation Expansion of thoracic cavity lowers the air pressure in lungs = Inhalation Contraction of thoracic cavity increases air pressure inside the lungs = Exhalation
Match the following terms with their roles in breathing:
Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Create space for lung expansion Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Decrease lung volume for exhalation Increased lung cavity volume = Allows for inhaling air into the lungs Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Facilitates exhaling by pushing air out
Match the following with their definitions:
Bohr shift to left = O2 binds strongly to hemoglobin Bohr shift to right = O2 is released readily by hemoglobin HCO3– = Carbon dioxide transported as bicarbonate ions Carbaminohemoglobin = Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin
Match the following with their percentages of CO2 transport in the blood:
Dissolved in plasma = 7% Bound to hemoglobin = 23% As bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) = 70% Carbaminohemoglobin = Not included in CO2 transport percentages
Match the following statements with the correct Bohr shift direction:
CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH = Right Bohr shift Fetal hemoglobin oxygen association/dissociation curve found to the LEFT of adult hemoglobin = Left Bohr shift Exercise effect on Bohr shift = Left Bohr shift Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 = Right Bohr shift
Match the following factors with their effects on O2 binding/unloading by hemoglobin:
Blood pH decrease = Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2 Increase in CO2 levels = Increases O2 release by hemoglobin Exercise = Increases O2 release by hemoglobin Fetal hemoglobin presence = Promotes O2 binding by hemoglobin
Match the following with their roles in carbon dioxide transport:
Hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) = 23% of CO2 transport in the blood Plasma (dissolved CO2) = 7% of CO2 transport in the blood Bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) = Majority (70%) of CO2 transport in the blood Protein chains of hemoglobin structure = Where carbon dioxide binds without competing for iron-binding positions
Match the following components with their role in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood:
Chemoreceptors = Monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood Respiratory pigments = Increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Hemoglobin = Carries four molecules of O2 per molecule Oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve = Shows hemoglobin affinity to oxygen
Match the following statements about hemoglobin with their accuracy:
Bright red blood = When hemoglobin is fully oxygenated Dark red blood = When hemoglobin is fully deoxygenated Sigmoidal shape of curve = Result of cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin Cooperative binding = Increases affinity of hemoglobin to bind more oxygen
Match the following factors with their influence on hemoglobin binding affinity to O2:
pH = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 Temperature = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 CO2 concentration = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 Chemoreceptors = Monitor pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration in the blood
Match the following terms with their description:
Aorta and carotid arteries = House chemoreceptors that monitor blood gases Respiratory pigments = Metal-containing proteins that combine reversibly with oxygen Hemoglobin equilibrium curve = Shows relationship between oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin saturation Cooperative binding = Process where one subunit's oxygen binding affects other subunits' affinity
Match the following properties with their impact on oxygen delivery:
Small change in oxygen partial pressure = Results in large change in O2 delivery Hemoglobin's ability to carry 4 molecules of O2 = Increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Varying pH, temperature, CO2 levels = Affect hemoglobin's binding affinity to O2 Blood color changes based on hemoglobin state = Reflects oxygenation level in blood
Match the following descriptions with their relation to hemoglobin:
Binding affinity variation with pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration = Influences how well hemoglobin binds to oxygen Sigmoidal shape of curve representing hemoglobin's affinity to O2 = Illustrates cooperative binding behavior of hemoglobin Bright red blood when fully oxygenated = Indicates high levels of oxygen-bound hemoglobin Dark red blood when fully deoxygenated = Shows low levels of bound oxygen to hemoglobin
What is the function of the endothelium in capillaries?
To facilitate exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
How is cardiac output calculated?
Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)
When is blood pressure higher in the human body?
During systole (heart contraction)
What is the main factor that affects peripheral resistance?
Friction of blood against the vessel walls
What defines the Cardiac Output of an individual?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Which term represents the volume of blood ejected during the contraction of the left ventricle?
Stroke Volume
What is the function of the atria in the mammalian heart?
Receive deoxygenated blood from the vena cava
Where does the left ventricle of the mammalian heart pump blood to?
Systemic circuit
Which valve separates the right atrium and ventricle in the mammalian heart?
Tricuspid valve
What is the composition of the bicuspid (mitral) valve in the mammalian heart?
Composed of two closure flaps of tissue
In the mammalian heart, what separates the atria and ventricles into left and right chambers?
Extension of the myocardium
Which chamber of the mammalian heart has a wall made up of thick myocardium?
Left ventricle
What causes the heartbeat sound?
Closure of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
In which circuit does blood move from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary Circuit
What is the primary function of the systemic circuit in the human circulatory system?
Bring nutrients and oxygen to the entire body
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the human heart from?
Superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
Left Side
What is the main function of the coronary circuit in the human circulatory system?
Bring nutrients and oxygen to the heart
What is the main cause of myocardial ischemia?
Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries
Which condition results in thinner red blood cells due to reduced hemoglobin production?
Iron deficiency anemia
What is the common name for a heart condition which occurs when blood flow stops to part of the heart, leading to permanent muscle damage?
Myocardial infarction
Which genetic disease causes red blood cells to have a weaker cell membrane than usual?
Spherocytosis
How does sickle cell anemia affect the shape of red blood cells?
Becoming crescent-shaped
What happens in the body when iron stores drop too low to support normal red blood cell production?
Fewer red blood cells are made
What is the main difference between ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke?
Ischemic stroke leads to cell death in the brain, whereas hemorrhagic stroke results in bleeding in the brain.
Which blood vessel is responsible for carrying nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What is an aneurysm and what part of the body can it affect?
An aneurysm is a weakened area in a blood vessel where the smooth muscle bulges outwards, and it can affect any part of the body.
Which blood vessels are responsible for taking blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What is the role of the inferior vena cava in the circulatory system?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.
How does deoxygenated blood reach the kidneys for filtration?
Through the renal veins
Learn about why preterm infants are at risk of breathing problems due to insufficient surfactant production, and how exogenous surfactants are used to treat them. Explore the differences between right and left lungs in humans and the active process of breathing involving skeletal muscles like intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
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