Preterm Infants and Breathing Process

Surfactant = Helps prevent preterm infants' lungs from collapsing Intercostal muscles = Muscles between ribs involved in chest wall movement Diaphragm = Thin dome-shaped muscle separating abdomen from thorax Boyle’s Law = Gas law stating the inverse relationship between pressure and volume

Ventilation = Requires contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm Negative pressure breathing = Method used by humans to pull air into lungs Inhalation = Lung volume increases as rib muscles and diaphragm contract Exhalation = Lung volume decreases as rib muscles and diaphragm relax

Right lung = Has three lobes and is larger in size Left lung = Has two lobes and is smaller in size Human lungs = Not identical in structure, with different lobes for each side Surfactant treatment = Given to infants lacking endogenous surfactant production

<p>Primary muscles for ventilation = Intercostal muscles and diaphragm Gas pressure and volume relationship = Explains the mechanics of breathing Active process of breathing = Requires skeletal muscle contraction Detailed mechanics of breathing = Involves understanding Boyle’s Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ Diffusion at the respiratory surface = O2 moves from the air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from the blood into the air or water Circulation = Transport of dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via circulatory system Diffusion at the tissues = O moves from the blood into the tissues and CO2 moves from the tissues into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin = Amphibians (like frogs) and earthworms Gills = Fish and aquatic organisms Tracheae = Some insects Lungs = Mammals, including humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration = Cell’s use of O2 and production of CO2 Gas exchange = Occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces Respiratory surfaces = Vary by animal: skin, gills, tracheae, lungs Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O2 = Moves from blood into tissues CO2 = Moves from blood into air or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration = Leads to low O2 levels and high CO2 levels in the tissues Circulation = Transport of dissolved O2 and CO2 throughout the body via circulatory system Ventilation = Movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ Diffusion at respiratory surface = O2 moves from air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from blood into air or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large, moist respiratory surfaces = Required by animals for exchange of gases between cells and respiratory medium Gas exchange by diffusion = Method through which gas exchange occurs across respiratory surfaces Specialized gas-exchange organs = Locations where movement of air or water aids in gas exchange Focus on lungs in course content = Emphasis on specific organ used for gas exchange in mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Expansion of thoracic cavity Diaphragm contraction = Increase in lung cavity volume Increased lung cavity volume = Lowering of air pressure in lungs Lowered air pressure in lungs = Air pulled in through airways to inflate lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Contracting thoracic cavity Diaphragm relaxation = Decrease in lung volume Decreased lung volume = Increased air pressure inside the lungs Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Air pushed out through airways to atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic cavity expansion = Increase in volume Contraction of thoracic cavity = Decrease in volume Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Higher level than atmospheric air Lowered air pressure in lungs = Level below outside pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Inhalation Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Exhalation Diaphragm contraction = Inhalation Diaphragm relaxation = Exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air pulled in through airways to inflate lungs = Inhalation Air pushed out through airways to atmosphere = Exhalation Expansion of thoracic cavity lowers the air pressure in lungs = Inhalation Contraction of thoracic cavity increases air pressure inside the lungs = Exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Create space for lung expansion Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Decrease lung volume for exhalation Increased lung cavity volume = Allows for inhaling air into the lungs Increased air pressure inside the lungs = Facilitates exhaling by pushing air out</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bohr shift to left = O2 binds strongly to hemoglobin Bohr shift to right = O2 is released readily by hemoglobin HCO3– = Carbon dioxide transported as bicarbonate ions Carbaminohemoglobin = Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolved in plasma = 7% Bound to hemoglobin = 23% As bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) = 70% Carbaminohemoglobin = Not included in CO2 transport percentages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH = Right Bohr shift Fetal hemoglobin oxygen association/dissociation curve found to the LEFT of adult hemoglobin = Left Bohr shift Exercise effect on Bohr shift = Left Bohr shift Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 = Right Bohr shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pH decrease = Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2 Increase in CO2 levels = Increases O2 release by hemoglobin Exercise = Increases O2 release by hemoglobin Fetal hemoglobin presence = Promotes O2 binding by hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) = 23% of CO2 transport in the blood Plasma (dissolved CO2) = 7% of CO2 transport in the blood Bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) = Majority (70%) of CO2 transport in the blood Protein chains of hemoglobin structure = Where carbon dioxide binds without competing for iron-binding positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemoreceptors = Monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood Respiratory pigments = Increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Hemoglobin = Carries four molecules of O2 per molecule Oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve = Shows hemoglobin affinity to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bright red blood = When hemoglobin is fully oxygenated Dark red blood = When hemoglobin is fully deoxygenated Sigmoidal shape of curve = Result of cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin Cooperative binding = Increases affinity of hemoglobin to bind more oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 Temperature = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 CO2 concentration = Varies hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 Chemoreceptors = Monitor pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aorta and carotid arteries = House chemoreceptors that monitor blood gases Respiratory pigments = Metal-containing proteins that combine reversibly with oxygen Hemoglobin equilibrium curve = Shows relationship between oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin saturation Cooperative binding = Process where one subunit's oxygen binding affects other subunits' affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small change in oxygen partial pressure = Results in large change in O2 delivery Hemoglobin's ability to carry 4 molecules of O2 = Increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Varying pH, temperature, CO2 levels = Affect hemoglobin's binding affinity to O2 Blood color changes based on hemoglobin state = Reflects oxygenation level in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding affinity variation with pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration = Influences how well hemoglobin binds to oxygen Sigmoidal shape of curve representing hemoglobin's affinity to O2 = Illustrates cooperative binding behavior of hemoglobin Bright red blood when fully oxygenated = Indicates high levels of oxygen-bound hemoglobin Dark red blood when fully deoxygenated = Shows low levels of bound oxygen to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate exchange between blood and interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During systole (heart contraction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Friction of blood against the vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receive deoxygenated blood from the vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composed of two closure flaps of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extension of the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closure of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary Circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bring nutrients and oxygen to the entire body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left Side</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bring nutrients and oxygen to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spherocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Becoming crescent-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fewer red blood cells are made</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic stroke leads to cell death in the brain, whereas hemorrhagic stroke results in bleeding in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An aneurysm is a weakened area in a blood vessel where the smooth muscle bulges outwards, and it can affect any part of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the renal veins</p> Signup and view all the answers