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Questions and Answers
What characterizes the drawings of children in the preschematic stage?
What characterizes the drawings of children in the preschematic stage?
How many hours of sleep do preschoolers typically need each day?
How many hours of sleep do preschoolers typically need each day?
What is the primary effect of malnutrition in preschoolers?
What is the primary effect of malnutrition in preschoolers?
Which substage of cognitive development involves primitive reasoning and questioning?
Which substage of cognitive development involves primitive reasoning and questioning?
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At what age have children developed half of the brain cell connections they will have in their lifetime?
At what age have children developed half of the brain cell connections they will have in their lifetime?
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Which of the following best describes the role of synapses in the brain?
Which of the following best describes the role of synapses in the brain?
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What kind of objects do preschool children typically draw during the preschematic stage?
What kind of objects do preschool children typically draw during the preschematic stage?
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Which crucial component for preschool children’s learning and development is highlighted by neuroscience?
Which crucial component for preschool children’s learning and development is highlighted by neuroscience?
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What factor did Baumrind identify as crucial in determining caregiving styles?
What factor did Baumrind identify as crucial in determining caregiving styles?
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Which of the following is an effect of a caregiving style that expects age-appropriate behavior from a child?
Which of the following is an effect of a caregiving style that expects age-appropriate behavior from a child?
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In Baumrind’s caregiving styles, what is a characteristic of authoritative caregivers?
In Baumrind’s caregiving styles, what is a characteristic of authoritative caregivers?
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How did Baumrind’s model of caregiving styles originate?
How did Baumrind’s model of caregiving styles originate?
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Which aspect is NOT a determinant identified by Baumrind in her caregiving styles?
Which aspect is NOT a determinant identified by Baumrind in her caregiving styles?
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What is the primary focus of gross motor development in preschoolers?
What is the primary focus of gross motor development in preschoolers?
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Which of the following best describes non-locomotor skills?
Which of the following best describes non-locomotor skills?
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What is an example of manipulative skills in preschoolers?
What is an example of manipulative skills in preschoolers?
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Why is fine motor development important in preschoolers?
Why is fine motor development important in preschoolers?
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What occurs during the scribbling stage of drawing in early childhood?
What occurs during the scribbling stage of drawing in early childhood?
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Which factor can influence a child's fine motor skill development?
Which factor can influence a child's fine motor skill development?
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What milestone is typically achieved during the preschool years?
What milestone is typically achieved during the preschool years?
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How do environments influence fine motor skills in preschoolers?
How do environments influence fine motor skills in preschoolers?
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What does the ZPD primarily describe in preschool children?
What does the ZPD primarily describe in preschool children?
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Who is referred to as the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) in the context of scaffolding?
Who is referred to as the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) in the context of scaffolding?
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What is a significant characteristic of preschoolers' attention in relation to problem-solving?
What is a significant characteristic of preschoolers' attention in relation to problem-solving?
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What defines the upper limit of the ZPD?
What defines the upper limit of the ZPD?
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How long can preschoolers retain information in short-term memory without rehearsal?
How long can preschoolers retain information in short-term memory without rehearsal?
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Which of the following correctly describes 'Scripts' in the context of long-term memory?
Which of the following correctly describes 'Scripts' in the context of long-term memory?
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In the Information Processing Theory, how are children’s mental processes best conceptualized?
In the Information Processing Theory, how are children’s mental processes best conceptualized?
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What is the primary deficit observed in preschool children's attention during their cognitive development?
What is the primary deficit observed in preschool children's attention during their cognitive development?
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What effect does an authoritative caregiving style have on a preschooler?
What effect does an authoritative caregiving style have on a preschooler?
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Which characteristic best describes the authoritarian caregiving style?
Which characteristic best describes the authoritarian caregiving style?
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What outcome is most likely for children raised in a permissive caregiving style?
What outcome is most likely for children raised in a permissive caregiving style?
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Which of the following best describes how an authoritarian parent disciplines their child?
Which of the following best describes how an authoritarian parent disciplines their child?
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How do permissive caregivers generally handle rules and expectations?
How do permissive caregivers generally handle rules and expectations?
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What is a likely emotional outcome for children subjected to an indifferent caregiving style?
What is a likely emotional outcome for children subjected to an indifferent caregiving style?
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What role do authoritative parents play in the development of self-esteem in preschoolers?
What role do authoritative parents play in the development of self-esteem in preschoolers?
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What is a common characteristic of children raised in an authoritarian environment?
What is a common characteristic of children raised in an authoritarian environment?
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In what way might permissive parents affect a child's emotional control?
In what way might permissive parents affect a child's emotional control?
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What is the likely behavior of a child who experiences extreme indifference from their caregivers?
What is the likely behavior of a child who experiences extreme indifference from their caregivers?
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Study Notes
Preschool Development
- Preschool years cover 3-5 years of age.
- Preschoolers achieve several milestones in life which serve as the foundation for their learning and development.
Gross Motor Development
- Involves acquisition of skills using large muscles in the arms, legs, and torso.
- There are three categories:
- Locomotor: moving from one place to another (e.g., walking, running, skipping)
- Non-Locomotor: staying in one place (e.g., bending, stretching, dodging)
- Manipulative: using hands and fingers to control objects (e.g., picking, squeezing, using writing implements)
Fine Motor Development
- The acquisition of using smaller muscles in the arms, hands, and fingers.
- Examples: Picking, using writing implements, squeezing.
- Self-help skills such as holding a spoon and fork are also involved.
- Environments influence development:
- Urban environments provide experience with computers, keyboards, and game consoles
- Rural environments provide experience with digging and using sticks as toys
Drawing Development
- Preschoolers are interested in drawing and other forms of artistic expression.
- Viktor Lowenfeld identified stages of drawing in early childhood.
Stages of Drawing Development
- Scribbling Stage: Starts with zig-zag lines, progresses to circular markings, and then discrete shapes. The child may start naming their drawings towards the end of this stage.
- Preschematic Stage: May include early representations (important for cognitive development). Adults can recognize drawings at this stage. Children tend to repeat names for drawings. Drawings usually include a large head with basic elements; later include limbs, hands, and facial features.
- Schematic Stage: More elaborate scenes are depicted. Children draw from experience and exposure. Includes houses, trees, the sun, the sky, and people. Initially, these drawings may appear to "float" but eventually follow a ground line.
Preschool Nutrition
- Preschoolers' nutritional status is determined by the nutrients they consume compared to their age-appropriate nutritional requirements.
- Too much or too little of anything can have negative effects.
Preschool Sleep
- Preschoolers need sufficient rest and sleep.
- They benefit from 10-12 hours of sleep per day.
Preoperational Substage of Piaget
- Preschool children progress in cognitive ability by drawing objects that are not present, exhibiting increased language skills, and engaging in make-believe play.
Symbolic Substage
- Includes drawing objects that are not present, increased language, and make-believe play.
Intuitive Substage
- preschool children begin to use primitive reasoning and ask numerous questions.
- The development of language facilitates their questioning.
Brain Connections in the Preschool Years
- Neuroscience has significantly increased our understanding of brain development in young children.
- This research informs us about effective ways to care for and teach preschoolers.
- The brain is composed of neurons, and connections between these cells are called synapses or synaptic connections.
- The brain contains about 50 billion neurons at birth.
- By age 2, children have developed half of the brain cell connections that will be made.
- Around the age of 6, the brain develops more sophisticated thinking patterns.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- The ZPD captures the cognitive skills of preschoolers that are still developing.
- ZPD has a lower limit and an upper limit.
- The lower limit of the ZPD is the level of cognitive development a child reaches independently.
- The upper limit is the level of additional responsibility a child can accept with assistance from a skilled instructor.
Scaffolding
- Scaffolding is the changing support offered during teaching, with the instructor adjusting their guidance to match the child's performance level.
- The skilled instructor is often referred to as the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO).
Information Processing Theory - Attention and Memory
- The Information Processing model explains how children develop cognitively using a computer metaphor, processing, encoding, storing, and decoding data.
- Preschoolers have longer attention spans than toddlers.
- Attention changes significantly during the preschool years.
- One issue with preschooler attention is that it can be focused on aspects that stand out, even if they are not relevant to solving a problem or completing a task.
- Preschool children can recognize previously encountered information, recall old information, and reconstruct it in the present.
- They can retain information (short-term memory) for 15-30 seconds without rehearsal.
- Rehearsal can keep information in short-term memory much longer.
Long-Term Memory
- Involves storing information about a sequence of events in familiar situations as "scripts".
- Scripts help children to understand, interpret, and predict what will happen in future scenarios.
Caregiving Styles
- Caregiving styles (parents, teachers, other caregivers) affect the socio-emotional development of children.
- Baumrind's model describes different caregiving styles based on their demandingness and responsiveness levels.
Baumrind's Caregiving Styles
-
Authoritative (High demandingness, high responsiveness):
- Expect age-appropriate behavior.
- Teach children to take responsibility.
- Maintain fair and reasonable limits.
- Closely monitor child activities.
- Are warm and nurturing.
- Have realistic expectations.
- Communicate clearly and consistently.
- Discipline focuses on teaching, not punishing.
-
Effects on Children:
- Feeling safe and secure.
- Good self-control.
- Realistic self-view.
- Empathy.
-
Authoritarian (High demandingness, low responsiveness):
- Set subjective or unreasonable limits.
- Communicate through punishment, sarcasm, and withdrawal of love.
- Try to maintain strong control.
-
Effects on Children:
- Aggression.
- Poor self-esteem.
- Poor self-control.
-
Permissive (Low demandingness, high responsiveness):
- Allow children to regulate their behavior and make decisions, even when they're not ready.
- Set few or no rules.
- Do not demand good behavior or task accomplishment.
- May lack confidence in their ability to influence the child.
-
Effects on Children:
- Difficulty controlling impulses.
- Dependence on caregivers.
- Demanding behavior towards caregivers.
- Easily giving up on tasks.
- Rebelliousness.
- Poor frustration management.
- Inadequate emotional control.
-
Neglectful (Low demandingness, low responsiveness):
- Undemanding, indifferent, rejecting behavior towards the child.
- Little commitment to parenting roles.
- May be depressed or overwhelmed.
-
Effects on Children:
- Difficulties in school performance.
- Attachment problems.
- Extreme or early neglect can lead to serious developmental problems.
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Description
This quiz explores key aspects of preschool development, including gross and fine motor skills for children aged 3-5 years. It highlights the importance of these skills and how environments can influence a child's growth and learning. Test your understanding of these developmental milestones.
