Prenatal Development Stages Quiz

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Questions and Answers

At what developmental stage does the baby begin to have brain control over breathing and swallowing?

6th month

8th month

9th month

7th month (correct)

What is the term used to describe the minimum age at which a baby has a chance of survival if born prematurely?

Zone of Viability (correct)

Zone of Safety

Zone of Support

Zone of Development

Which is NOT considered a teratogen that could harm prenatal development?

Infections

Vaccines (correct)

Hormones

Chemicals

Which maternal condition can lead to low birth weight and neurological deficits in newborns?

Malnourishment Signup and view all the answers

What reflexes develop in the baby during the 7th month that are essential for survival post-birth?

Sucking and grasping Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect can maternal stress have on the unborn child?

Increased risk of anxiety conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal health issue could potentially cause deafness, blindness, or mental retardation in the newborn?

Rubella Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a significant risk factor associated with maternal age being very young or over 40 years?

High risk pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What effect does maternal HIV have on the unborn child if not properly managed?

Potential infection Signup and view all the answers

What role do friends play in the well-being of children as they transition into adolescence?

They play a large and increasingly important role. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable consequence of early sexual debut in adolescence?

Higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences risky behaviors among adolescents?

Social fragmentation and economic inequalities. Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's developmental stage that involves a tension between intimacy and isolation pertains to which phase of life?

Early Adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What perception often arises regarding girls in the context of gender and sexuality?

They are viewed as passive and vulnerable to men. Signup and view all the answers

How does traditional gender role socialization impact safer sex negotiation?

It often creates barriers to negotiating safer sex. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes early adulthood according to social and emotional development?

Assumption of critical social roles. Signup and view all the answers

What societal issue can lead to the ostracism of non-normative sexual preferences and identities?

Skewed perceptions of normalcy. Signup and view all the answers

Gang violence and interpersonal violence are influenced by which of the following factors?

Social fragmentation and economic inequalities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of substance abuse in adolescence?

Heightened mental health challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of schizophrenia?

Splitting of emotions and thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Lack of motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about schizophrenia?

It causes individuals to have multiple personalities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms best describes 'catatonic behavior' in schizophrenia?

Engaging in repetitive movements Signup and view all the answers

Delusions in schizophrenia are defined as:

Fixed ideas or false beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative symptoms in schizophrenia from positive symptoms?

Negative symptoms are marked by a lack of normal behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of mental illness?

Imbalance of the four humours Signup and view all the answers

During the Middle Ages, what was a common belief about the cause of mental illness?

Demonic possession Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the treatment of mental illness during the Renaissance Era?

Humane treatment was proposed Signup and view all the answers

How did the Church contribute to the treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages?

Performed exorcisms to drive out demons Signup and view all the answers

What did Philippe Pinel advocate for in the treatment of patients in asylums?

Kindness and consideration Signup and view all the answers

Which naturalistic remedy was NOT prescribed by Hippocrates for treating mental illness?

Engagement in social activities Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the return to supernatural explanations for mental illness in the Middle Ages?

Increased witch hunts and violence Signup and view all the answers

What was one criticism of the treatment methods in asylums during the Asylum Era?

They included prolonged restraining and torture-like treatments Signup and view all the answers

What did Reginald Scott argue in his publication 'Discovery of Witchcraft'?

Demonic possessions were actually natural illnesses Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the humanitarian reforms beginning in the 1700s?

Ending inhumane treatment in mental asylums Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of PTSD that involves avoiding reminders of the traumatic event?

Emotional numbing Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the intensity of traumatic reactions in PTSD?

Presence of social support Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with PTSD are likely to recover?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What describes the heightened emotional responses such as irritability and difficulty sleeping in PTSD?

Increased arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is at a higher risk for developing PTSD due to greater difficulty coping with traumatic events?

Children and the elderly Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which is considered biological vulnerability in the context of PTSD aetiology?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where traumatic experiences reactivate unresolved childhood conflicts, according to the psychodynamic perspective?

Ego defense mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with PTSD?

Hyperactivity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inability to recall key features of a traumatic event as a symptom of PTSD?

Dissociative amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of PTSD symptoms is likely to become more apparent during periods of stress?

Re-experiencing the trauma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

6th Month of Pregnancy

Eyes begin to move and eyelids open
Baby breathes and cries

7th Month of Pregnancy

Brain controls breathing, swallowing, and body temperature (medulla oblongata)
Baby has the nerve cell capacity for sight, hearing, smell, taste, and vocalization
Grasping and sucking reflexes develop, ensuring newborn survival

26 Weeks of Pregnancy

The "Zone of Viability," where a baby born prematurely has a chance of survival
Premature births increase risk of school and behavioral problems, and psychiatric disorders in adulthood

9th Month of Pregnancy

The fetus can no longer easily float in amniotic fluid.
It curls into a fetal position, usually with the head toward the birthing canal, ready for birth.

Factors Influencing Prenatal Development:

Mom and Mom's environment are linked to the baby through the placenta and umbilical cord.
Teratogens: harmful environmental agents that interfere with normal prenatal development. Can cause birth defects and death. Examples include infections, chemicals, and hormones.
Maternal conditions: physical, social, and psychological conditions, and behaviors of the mother can affect the baby in different ways.

Maternal Nutrition:

Moms need a variety of nutrients for the baby to develop normally. These nutrients are received through the placenta and umbilical cord.
Complications from mal- or under-nutrition: low birth weight, neurological deficits in newborns. This is a big problem in South Africa due to poverty.

Maternal HIV:

Unborn babies can become infected with HIV, either during pregnancy or at birth.
This can be avoided if the mom is taking anti-retroviral medication properly.

Maternal STIs:

STIs like syphilis, gonorrhoea, and genital herpes can impact the baby during prenatal development.

Maternal Stress:

Stress hormones are carried to the baby through the umbilical cord. This can potentially lead to anxiety conditions later in life.

Age of the Mother:

Very young mothers (under 18) and older mothers (over 40) are at a higher risk for complications during pregnancy.

Mom's Physical Health:

Malaria: Potential for low birth weight and parasite exposure for the baby.
Rubella: Can lead to deafness, blindness, and mental retardation in the baby.
Diabetes: Increased risk of a baby having a very high birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal death.
Hypertension: Can lead to the death of the baby. May require inducing premature birth.

Individuals typically assume critical social roles: marriage, partnerships, parenthood, earning an income, and independence.
Zimbardo's transitional stage: A period between adolescence and adulthood where young people delay taking on traditional adult responsibilities like marriage and parenthood.

Marriage and Partnerships:

Erikson: Focuses on the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage, where individuals navigate the tension between intimacy and isolation.
Informed by beliefs: Those suffering from mental illness were possessed by evil or supernatural forces. Treatment involved driving out these spirits to cure the mental illness.

The Ancient Era:

The first shift to a naturalistic view of mental illness: Hippocrates (father of modern medicine).
Humoral Theory: Imbalance of the four essential humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Mental illness was considered a result of this imbalance.
To cure, remedies focused on rebalancing the humors.
Too much black bile: This was associated with depression.
Naturalistic remedies: solitude, change in diet, abstinence from sexual activity.
The start of a biomedical approach to psychopathology.

The Middle Ages:

Naturalistic approach lost favor: Religious explanations dominated psychopathology.
Supernatural explanations for mental illness resurfaced.
Mental illness was seen as punishment for sins or demonic possession.
The Church relied on exorcisms to cure mental illness.
Witch hunts: Individuals thought to go against Christian faith were accused of being possessed.
They were believed to have supernatural powers that could harm others, subjected to torture and murder.
Formal segregation of those suffering from mental illness: The Church locked up individuals "out of charity" in places like the House of St Mary of Bethlehem (Bedlam).

The Renaissance Era (1400 – 1600):

More humane treatment of those suffering from mental illness.
Ideas related to witchcraft were challenged.
Johann Weyer: He argued that individuals were not possessed by the devil, but instead mentally unstable and not responsible for their actions.
Reginald Scott (1584): His "Discovery of Witchcraft" argued that demonic possessions were medical illnesses.

The Asylum Era:

Increased scientific understanding of mental illness, but also institutionalization.
Patients were housed in asylums known for inhumane treatment:
- Prolonged restraining of patients
- Housing in dark cells
- Torture-like treatments
- Electric shocks
- Bleeding (to get rid of "dangerous fluids")
- Powerful drugs
- Starvation
Emergence of humanitarian reforms in the 1700s: Challenged these inhumane treatments.
Philippe Pinel (France): Advocated for treating patients with kindness and consideration to aid recovery.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

Characterized by distressing re-experiencing of a traumatic event, avoidance and emotional numbing, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and increased arousal.
Symptoms must persist for at least a month after the event.
Symptoms can fluctuate over time, and are more apparent during periods of stress.
One of the most frequently diagnosed forms of psychopathology in South Africa due to the high crime rate.

PTSD Symptoms:

Distressing re-experiencing: Mental flashbacks to the scene, recurrent distressing dreams, intrusive thoughts of the event, and hypersensitivity to cues associated with the event.
Avoidance and emotional numbing: Persistently avoiding anything associated with the event, and experiencing a psychic numbing in response to surroundings.
Negative alterations in cognition and mood: Dissociative amnesia, distorted blame of self and others, increased detachment from others or activities.
Increased arousal: Difficulty falling asleep, irritability, and exaggerated startled responses.

Aetiology (Cause) of PTSD:

Major factors:
- The stressor
- The social environment in which the trauma occurred
- Character traits of the individual
- Biological vulnerability of the individual.
Intensity of traumatic reactions depends on:
- Suddenness of the threat
- Duration of the threat
- Amount of fear associated with the event
General findings:
- Young children and the elderly experience greater difficulty coping with traumatic events, increasing their risk of developing PTSD.
- Pre-school subtype of PTSD included in the DSM for children under 7 years old.
- Those with higher vulnerability to anxiety have an increased risk of PTSD.
- Individuals with PTSD experience increased production of catecholamine (hormone that prepares the body for an emergency) while re-experiencing trauma.
- 30% of patients recover.
- 60% continue to experience mild anxiety symptoms associated with trauma.
- 10% remain unchanged or become worse.

Psychodynamic Perspective:

Traumatic events reactivate unresolved conflicts from early childhood.
To cope with trauma, the ego might repeat distressing events to try to master them and reduce anxiety.

Schizophrenia:

Schizophrenia: A disorder characterized by disorganised and fragmented emotions, behaviors, and cognitions.
Shares some symptoms with ukuthwasa (calling to be a traditional healer) and amafufunyana (spirit possession).
Common misconception: It's not a split personality, which is actually Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). DID involves multiple identities with separate emotional and behavioral characteristics.
Schizophrenia: Involves the splitting of emotions and thoughts, and gross distortions of reality testing.
Psychosis: Psychological disorders characterized by beliefs not based in reality (delusions), perceptions not based in reality (hallucinations), or both.

Two Categories of Schizophrenic Symptoms:

Positive symptoms: Presence of behaviors and feelings not usually present in a normal individual.
- Hallucinations: False sensory perceptions, like seeing or hearing things that aren't there.
- Catatonic behavior: Marked motor abnormalities, like bizarre postures, repetitive movements, and unawareness.
- Disorganized behavior: Inability to persist in goal-directed activity, and inappropriate public behavior.
- Disorganized speech: Incomprehensible speech that is only remotely related to the subject.
- Delusions: Fixed ideas or false beliefs without foundation in reality.
Negative symptoms: Absence of behaviors and feelings that are usually present in a normal person.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various stages of prenatal development, from the 6th to the 9th month of pregnancy. Learn about crucial developments like the baby's senses, viability, and the impact of teratogens during this essential period.