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Questions and Answers
What percentage of genetic similarity do average humans share with each other?
What percentage of genetic similarity do average humans share with each other?
How many chromosomes do gametes contain?
How many chromosomes do gametes contain?
Which term refers to observable characteristics of an organism?
Which term refers to observable characteristics of an organism?
What does the term 'allele' refer to?
What does the term 'allele' refer to?
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What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?
What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?
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Siblings typically inherit how many genes from each parent?
Siblings typically inherit how many genes from each parent?
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What is the expected genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees?
What is the expected genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees?
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The HapMap project focuses on identifying what aspects of the genome?
The HapMap project focuses on identifying what aspects of the genome?
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What genetic condition is characterized by uncontrolled tics and explosive outbursts?
What genetic condition is characterized by uncontrolled tics and explosive outbursts?
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Which sex-linked condition is most commonly associated with boys?
Which sex-linked condition is most commonly associated with boys?
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How does the sickle-cell trait benefit carriers in relation to malaria?
How does the sickle-cell trait benefit carriers in relation to malaria?
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What is an ethical guideline in genetic counseling?
What is an ethical guideline in genetic counseling?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of Fragile X syndrome?
Which of the following is a common symptom of Fragile X syndrome?
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During which period of prenatal development do basic body structures begin to develop?
During which period of prenatal development do basic body structures begin to develop?
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What is a common consequence of genetic testing?
What is a common consequence of genetic testing?
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Which genetic condition is frequently passed on but is not debilitating?
Which genetic condition is frequently passed on but is not debilitating?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
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Which statement accurately describes additive heredity?
Which statement accurately describes additive heredity?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between the number of chromosomes and sex determination in humans?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the number of chromosomes and sex determination in humans?
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What does heritability indicate regarding a specific trait in a population?
What does heritability indicate regarding a specific trait in a population?
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How do dizygotic twins differ genetically from monozygotic twins?
How do dizygotic twins differ genetically from monozygotic twins?
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What is a characteristic feature of regulatory genes?
What is a characteristic feature of regulatory genes?
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Why might a recessive gene not be expressed even if it is present in an individual's genotype?
Why might a recessive gene not be expressed even if it is present in an individual's genotype?
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What is a common trait of polygenic inheritance?
What is a common trait of polygenic inheritance?
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Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- The prenatal period encompasses the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
- The germinal period (first two weeks) involves rapid cell division and differentiation.
- The embryonic period (weeks 3-8) marks the development of basic body structures.
- The fetal period (weeks 9-birth) involves growth and maturation of the fetus.
The Germinal Period
- The zygote begins duplication and division shortly after conception.
- The placenta develops, providing nourishment and waste removal.
- Implantation occurs roughly 10 days after conception.
- The organism experiences rapid growth.
Embryonic Period
- A developing human organism emerges from the third through eighth week after conception.
- The primitive streak becomes the neural tube.
- Basic structures like the head, eyes, ears, and mouth form.
- Heartbeat commences, and limbs and fingers/toes develop.
Fetal Period
- The fetal period begins in the ninth week after conception and continues until birth.
- Sexual organs differentiate.
- Heartbeat is detectable via stethoscope.
- All body systems finalize development.
- The brain develops significantly; however, the cortex isn't fully mature.
- The brain at birth is larger than other body parts.
Age of Viability
- Approximately 22 weeks after conception represents the age of viability; newborns can potentially survive outside the womb with supportive care.
Birth
- Fetal brain triggers hormonal release stimulating uterine contractions.
- Labor duration varies, typically taking 12 hours for firstborns.
- The Apgar scale assesses the newborn's condition immediately after birth.
Traditional and Modern Birthing Practices
- Home births and hospital births represent common birthing practices.
Cesarean Section (C-Section)
- Surgical birth procedures enable quick fetus removal.
- Rates of C-sections vary based on factors like country, planned procedures, or emergencies.
- More sections take place in richer countries compared to poorer countries.
- C-sections may lead to long-term recovery issues, but often result in less trauma for the baby.
Medical Intervention
- Infant mortality rates have decreased due to enhanced medical care.
- Childbirth has become safer, but excessive intervention may pose disadvantages.
Low Birthweight
- Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as less than 2,500 grams or 5.5 pounds at birth.
- Very low birthweight (VLBW) is less than 1,500 grams (3.3 pounds).
- Extremely low birthweight (ELBW) is less than 1,000 grams (2.2 pounds).
Preterm or Slow Growing
- Preterm birth occurs before the 35th week of pregnancy.
- Small for gestational age (SGA) means the baby's weight is significantly lower than expected at birth.
Causes of Low Birthweight
- Genetic factors, maternal illness, exhaustion, infection, malnutrition, and drug use, as well as multiple births, are contributing factors impacting low birthweight.
Mothers, Fathers, and a Good Start
- Supporting fathers can positively impact the mother's and fetus's health.
- Fathers can either reduce or increase mother's stress levels.
- Fathers may play an essential role in infant care.
- Mother-father tandem involvement benefits the infant.
The Importance of Close Contact
- Birth complications can affect a child's wellbeing later in life.
- Early and consistent infant care are crucial.
- Kangaroo care, a beneficial technique, allows low-birthweight infants to feel their mother's body heat.
Postpartum Depression
- Postpartum depression involves sadness and inadequacy in the days and weeks after giving birth.
- Symptoms range from the baby blues to severe postpartum psychosis.
- Paternal involvement, and emotional support, can sometimes help lessen the effects of postpartum issues.
Bonding
- Parent-infant bonding creates a strong and loving connection during infant care.
- Skin-to-skin contact might not be essential for bonding, even though it's still beneficial.
- Cross-fostering studies in monkeys demonstrate that a strong and beneficial parent-infant relationship often manifests.
Nature, Nurture, and the Phenotype
- Four general research conclusions involve genetic and nongenetic influences, parental behaviors, and environmental influences.
- Genes impact almost every aspect of human behavior.
- Influences impact behavior from conception and continue throughout life, sometimes altering genetic instructions.
- The environment impacts the way parents handle parenting and raise children.
- Children choose niche environments that suit inherited traits.
Nearsightedness or Myopia
- Nearsightedness or myopia encompasses two types: high (severe) and low (less severe).
- Nearsightedness runs in families.
- Minor gene variations associated with nearsightedness, such as Pax6 gene variations, can be a contributing factor to nearsightedness.
- Environment plays a role in nearsightedness, environmental factors, and schoolwork may be contributing factors.
Alcoholism
- Alcoholism may have a genetic component that leads to addiction in specific individuals.
- Environmental factors can modify the genetic effects of alcoholism.
- Alcohol use during pregnancy risks Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
- FAS involves issues like facial abnormalities, growth retardation, and developmental delays.
Prenatal Teratogens
- Teratogens are substances or conditions that potentially harm prenatal development.
- Not all are avoidable.
- Birth defects resulting from teratogens can be noticeable at birth, while behavioral effects may manifest later in life.
- Teratogens can impact a child's development, including leading to conditions like retardation, hyperactivity or learning disabilities.
Potential Genetic Counseling Issues
- Prospective parents may need genetic counseling to determine the genetic health risks for their child.
- False positives and negatives in genetic testing are significant issues.
- Genetic testing leads to further tests, and the results introduce additional emotional distress.
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Description
Explore the stages of prenatal development, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. This quiz will test your knowledge on key milestones, structures, and processes that occur from conception to birth. Understand how each stage contributes to the formation of a healthy fetus.
