Prejudice and its Impact

Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude towards people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group. Examples of prejudice discussed in the text include negative attitudes towards First Nations People, anti-Asian prejudice during COVID-19, and an increase in anti-Muslim hate groups.

The three components of prejudice are the affective component (how we feel about others), the cognitive component (stereotypes), and the behavioral component (discrimination).

Modern racism refers to acting unprejudiced outwardly but maintaining prejudiced attitudes inwardly. It is different from explicit racism, which involves openly expressing prejudiced beliefs and engaging in discriminatory actions.

Response time, correlations with behavior

Rating neutral stimulus, moving words 'closer' or 'farther'

Varying name or other characteristics in job applications to imply gender, race or group status

People don't respond to overt items like they used to

The tendency to favor members of our own group and give them preference over people who belong to other groups. It occurs due to categorization of people, evolutionary factors, social identity, and self-esteem

Stereotypes, automatic and controlled processing, mood, attributional biases, economic competition, and normative rules

The Effects of Prejudice and Interventions for Reducing Prejudice

The affective component of prejudice refers to how we feel about others, regardless of our thoughts or beliefs. An example of the affective component of prejudice is when someone has a negative attitude towards First Nations people simply because they are a part of that group.

A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. An example of a stereotype discussed in the text is the stereotype of gender, which includes the notions of hostile and benevolent sexism.

Discrimination refers to unjustified negative or harmful actions towards a member of a group solely based on their membership in that group. Discrimination is a behavioral component of prejudice, as it involves acting on negative attitudes or stereotypes towards others.

Modern racism refers to individuals who outwardly act unprejudiced, but internally maintain prejudiced attitudes. It is a form of covert or subtle racism. In contrast, explicit racism involves openly expressing prejudiced beliefs or engaging in overtly discriminatory actions.

An example of anti-Asian prejudice discussed in the text is the increase in anti-Asian prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic, where individuals have faced discrimination and negative attitudes solely based on their Asian ethnicity.

The Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) is a psychological tool developed by researchers at Harvard that measures implicit biases or hidden prejudices. It assesses individuals' automatic associations between mental representations of objects (e.g., words, images) and evaluative concepts (e.g., good, bad). By measuring response times and accuracy, the IAT can provide insights into individuals' unconscious biases and prejudices.

An example of an increase in anti-Muslim hate groups mentioned in the text is the rise in the number of organizations or movements that promote hatred, discrimination, or violence towards Muslims based solely on their religious affiliation.

Yes, anyone can be a target of prejudice based on their membership in a group. Prejudice can be directed towards individuals based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and other characteristics that distinguish them as part of a particular group.

To measure more subtle measures of prejudice that people may not respond to overtly.

In-group bias is the tendency to favor members of our own group over those who belong to other groups. It occurs due to evolutionary, social identity, and self-esteem reasons.

Factors that can contribute to prejudice include stereotypes, automatic and controlled processing, mood, attributional biases, economic competition, and normative rules.

Examples of other implicit measures include rating neutral stimuli with black/white faces and manipulating the proximity of words like 'closer' or 'farther' in relation to certain groups.

Modern racism refers to subtle and indirect forms of racism that are often unconscious and unintentional. It is different from explicit racism, which involves overt and conscious acts of discrimination.

Some intervention strategies for reducing prejudice include increasing contact between different groups, promoting empathy and perspective-taking, providing education and awareness about stereotypes, and challenging biased attitudes and beliefs.

Discrimination refers to the unfair treatment or unequal opportunities given to individuals or groups based on their perceived characteristics. Prejudice often serves as the underlying belief system that motivates discriminatory behaviors.

The three components of prejudice are cognitive (beliefs and stereotypes), affective (emotions and feelings), and behavioral (discrimination and biased behaviors).

Modern racism refers to individuals who outwardly act unprejudiced but maintain prejudiced attitudes inwardly. It differs from explicit racism, which involves overt and conscious expressions of prejudice and discrimination.

The affective component of prejudice refers to how we feel about others, regardless of our cognitions. It can be positive or negative. An example of the affective component of prejudice is feeling hostility towards a certain racial or ethnic group.

The Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) is a psychological tool that measures implicit biases and attitudes that people may not be consciously aware of. It can help detect hidden prejudices by revealing unconscious biases towards certain groups or individuals.

Some factors that contribute to prejudice include socialization, stereotypes, fear, ignorance, and the desire for social dominance or superiority.

A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. An example of a stereotype discussed in the text is the stereotype that all Asians are carriers of COVID-19.

Discrimination refers to unjustified negative or harmful actions towards a member of a group simply because of their membership in that group. It is related to prejudice because prejudice often leads to discriminatory behaviors.

In-group bias refers to the tendency to favor and show positive attitudes towards members of one's own group. It occurs due to social identity and the desire to enhance one's self-esteem and group belongingness.

The three components of prejudice are the affective component (how we feel about others), the cognitive component (stereotypes and beliefs about a group), and the behavioral component (discriminatory actions and behaviors).