Prehistoric Art to 21st Century Art History

• The lecture discusses the development of art from prehistoric times to the 21st century.
• It also includes discussion of features from different timelines in art history and creating a history timeline

Prehistoric Period Art

• Art began as one of the earliest human activities.
• The first artworks were found inside caves inhabited by primitive humans, including animal paintings on walls/ceilings and early sculptures.
• Cave walls depicted animals and hunting scenes, marking them as artistic subjects.
• Painting is considered the most ancient art form.
• Cave paintings dating back 40,000+ years have been found in southwestern France and northern Spain.
• Natural pigment application in Lascaux, France became subtle and skillful, with drawings of spears used in hunting.
• Modeling skills developed in Altamira, Spain by suiting figures to protrusions and hollows for a 3D effect.
• Early sculptures, aside from animal statues featured fertility statues with exaggerated female sexual attributes.
• Architecture began with the practice of burying the dead.
• Early architectural structures were menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs, all associated with funeral and religious purposes.
• Simple monuments called mehirs consisted of a single large piece of stone referred to as a megalith.
• Dolmens were made of vertical megaliths supporting a horizontal slab, marking early use of the post-and-lintel system.
• Concentric circles extending over a wide area were more complex structures called cromlechs.
• Stonehenge in Salisbury Plain, England is a cromlech that served as a calendar.

River Civilizations

• Humans migrated and settled along riverbanks as weather warmed.
• These rivers include the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Yangtze in China, and the Indus and Ganges in India.

Mesopotamian Civilizations

• The first writing system was invented, called cuneiform writing of the Phoenicians.
• The kingdoms of Sumeria and Babylonia arose in Mesopotamia.
• The Code of Hammurabi, a famous set of laws, was created on the principle of "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth."
• Babylonian ziggurats, tower-like structures striving to reach the skies.
• Sculpture was generally associated with religious functions.
• All art served religion and rulers.

Egyptian Art

• Art was closely tied to religion, centered on death and immortality.
• The Book of the Dead, with its funeral prayers and rituals, was the basic religious scripture.
• Preserving the dead through mummification, preserving their images through painting and sculpture.
• Egyptians focused more on tomb construction than dwellings.
• The mastaba was an early, simple tomb type, later evolving into step pyramids.
• King Khufu (Cheops)'s great pyramids marked pyramid constructions.
• Royal burial chambers had spacious apartments with interconnecting corridors to keep treasures.
• The king's mummy was concealed beneath layers of gold and silver sarcophagi, which also doubled as full-length images.
• Walls were covered with paintings of the king with family and deities in a stylized linear geometric style with faces in profile and delineated eyes with shoulders in frontal position.
• Ancient Egyptian temples fully expressed visual arts like painting, sculpture, and architecture.
• Egyptian architecture used the post-and-lintel system, incorporating columns with lotus and papyrus motifs.
• Examples of temples include the temples of Queen Hatshepsut, Abu Simbel, Luxor, and Karnak.

Greco-Roman Art: Greek Art

• Greece was unified with a shared language and literature, despite being divided into city-states.
• Homer wrote The Iliad and the Odyssey
• Hesiod wrote Works and Days.
• The Greeks shared a religion that honored Zeus and other gods/goddesses.
• Greek art divides into three periods: the Archaic Period (800-600 BC), Classical/Hellenic Period (500 BC), and Hellenistic Period (400-100 BC).

Archaic Period (800-600 BC)

• Art showed influences from earlier civilizations (Mesopotamia and Egypt) through linear, geometric and stylized forms.
• Pottery had geometric designs and stylized human figures.
• Two important sculpture types were the kourus (nude male figure; athlete) and the kore (fully clad female figure).

Classical Period/Hellenic Period (500 BC)

• Greek civilizations and Athens were mainly associated with this period.
• This period marks the peak of ancient Greek Civilization.
• It is also known as the Golden Age of Athens or the Age of Pericles.
• Sculpture evolved to three-dimensional figures
• Polycleitos created the Lance-bearer
• Myron created the Discus Thrower
• Phidias created statues in the Parthenon, the famous temple of Athena in the Acropolis.
• Classical ideals include emphasis of form, intellectual order, harmony, proportion, and balance.
• The Parthenon and the Erectheum represent architecture of the period with its porch of the Maidens and the temple of Winged Victory.
• Many partsof classical buildings were decorated with low- or high-relief sculpture.
• The Doric order, is the shortest and most massive of the three, with a plain abacus capital.
• A capital with curling acanthus leaves and also has a base defines the taller and more slender Ionic order.
• A row of columns called the peristyle rising above the steps comprises the facade of a classical building.
• The open-air theater is another remarkable Greek architectural form.

Hellenistic Period (400-100 BC)

• The period after the 5th century BC when Greek culture merged with Oriental influences is known as the "hellenistic" period.
• The political instability changed aesthetic ideals.
• Art gained dynamism and movement.
• Classical restraint and serenity was replaced by emotion
• Agitation and passion deformed physical features and strained muscles.
• Painting was mostly confined to pottery, initially highly stylized and geometric, then developing into vases.
• Painters Zeuxis, Parrhasius, and Apollodorus were renowned for their naturalistic paintings.
• Praxiteles and Lysippos were two outstanding sculptors.
• Praxiteles is known for Hermes, (the infant Dionysius), and an athlete scraping his body.
• Lysippos is known for Apoxyomenos, the figure of an athlete scraping his body.
• Laocoon, the Winged Victory of Samothrace, the Dying Gaul, and the Venus of Milo are other sculptural works.

Roman Art

• The Roman Empire absorbed the Hellenistic world in the first century BC.
• The Romans admired and propagated older Greek civilizations.
• Roman sculptors adapted Greek forms/techniques, but unlike the idealist Greeks, prioritized practicality and realism.
• Civic virtues and family were emphasized over religion.
• Roman artists painted their environment, developing new subjects like genre, still lifes, landscapes, and architectural motifs.
• Ornamented walls with frescoes or intricate mosaics on the floors and ceilings.
• Romans concentrated on portraiture to reinforce the image of authority figures.
• Busts of Julius Caesar, sculptures of Augustus Caesar with full amour, and sculptured busts of patricians, philosophers, and poets.
• Large equestrian statues, such as that of Marcus Aurelius came later.
• The largest contribution of Romans is in architecture.
• The Romans added the Tuscan order and the composite order additional to the three classic orders.
• Columns were often ornamental.
• The rounded arch, the vault, and the dome are Roman architectural features
• The Arch of Triumph, example is Arch of Titus, was the simplest structure.
• Created functional architecture to accommodate demand for public buildings.
• The Roman Colosseum, is a a large circular buildings with a lot of seating capacity.
• Aqueducts, carried water from mountains to cities.
• Baths of Caracalla are examples of function architecture that has multiple public bathing halls with complex heating systems.
• Building durable roads to far-flung cities and city-building were prioritised .
• Virgil wrote the Aeneid, an epic poem celebrating Rome.
• Seneca developed tragedy in his plays.

Medieval Period Art

• Music in the Middle Ages is of two genres. Religious and secular.
• There are three distinct styles in music; early Christian (plain song or Gregorian chant), Arts Antiqua and Ats Nova.

Early Christian Art

• Christianity contrasted with the roman focus on luxury.
• It introduced values and emphasis on the spiritual and the eternal.
• Christians hid in underground corridors called catacombs due to Roman persecutions.
• The walls of catacombs were decorated with frescoes and mosaics in honor of Christ and other Christians.
• After persecutions was architecture of the basilica type.

Byzantine Art

• It refers to the eastern part of the roman empire and is characterized by a mix of classical and Asian artistic traditions.
• Asian two-dimensional/flat styles, emphasized line clarity/sharpness.
• Classical tradition contributed western three-dimensional styles.
• Byzantine artworks were icons portraying Christ or Mary.
• The Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is a major example of Byzantine architecture.

Romanesque Art

• "Romanesque" translates to "in the likeness of Rome."
• Beowulf, tells of a Teutonic hero's fight with a man-eating creature.
• Legends were told of King Arthur.
• There was the Song of Roland and Nibelungenlied.
• Sculptures featured elongated faces of saints with figures in strange whirlpool patterns.
• Paintings shared qualities with sculpture are found in illuminated manuscripts designed by hand on tempera or velum with tense, razor-sharp lines.
• The Romanesque architectural style is massive, retains horizontal emphasis, and is seen in basilica.

Gothic Art

• High, pointed spires striving upwards to the sky characterize the Gothic architecture symbolising an expression of faith.
• The use of the pointed arch made greater heights possible.
• The interior has slender columns
• The Gothic Cathedral is an example.
• Dante Alighieri wrote the Divina Commedia.

15th Century Renaissance

• The Renaissance is one of the highest moments of civilization.
• "Renaissance," means "rebirth".
• Human rediscoveries of thought, feeling, and imagination.
• A classical revival of Greek/Roman texts occurred .
• Renaissance focuses on well-rounded knowledgeable in different fields, applying their knowledge to productive and creative activities.
• Classical mythology was used though the subjects remain religious.
• New techniques included the use of 3D modeling and shading effects.
• Artists were concerned with the superficial appearance along with muscles, the veins and movements.
• Classical subjects involved studies of the nude and male athlete.
• Experimentation led to geometric/linear perspective, converging lines form a point on the horizon (vanishing point).
• Artists experimented with color, da Vinci introduced sfumato (blurred outlines).
• Giotto, Massaccio and Da Vinci are examples of Renaissance painters and sculptors.
• Michelangelo worked with sculptures such as Dawn, Frescoes of the Sistine Chapel.

Architecture

• Objective, mathmatics with balance and proportion are used in measurements.
• Classical orders were revived along with ideals of balance, symmetry, and proportion.
• Aristocratic residences or palazzos, as well as churches.
• Set off elegant façades and buildings by setting them in a piazza (square).
• Michelozzi designed the Medici-Riccardi in Florence
• Brunelleschi designed dome of the Florence Cathedral.
• Michelangelo designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Music and Theater

• England enjoyed a golden age of theatre and music.
• William Shakespeare produces tragedies and comedies England also had wealth in songs and madrigals.

Late 18th Century Neo-Classicism

• Two French artist who influenced classical trends studied in Rome.
• The French Academy was founded, and established classicism, with its age and discipline in the reign of Luis XIV.
• The Palace of Versailles contains the Louis XIV's classical style expression.
• Neo-Classicism movement forefront artist, Jacques-Luis David.
• Poussin's Funeral of Phocion and Lorrain's The Embarkation of the Queen of Saba are neoclassical works.
• Jacques-Luis Davids The Death to Brutus and Ingres' Odalisque are examples as well.

The Late 19th Century Romanticism

• This artistic style followed the French Revolution by emphasiszing reactions on human nature, people, and events from each artist.
• Painters cultivated surface texture to add expression.
• The emotion took precedence over reason, and feelings of despair were displayed through this.
• Delacroix and Gros were Romantic painters with notable artworks like Liberty Guiding the People, and The Burning of the Houses of Parliament.

Composers

• Romantic composers freed their music and broke free from forms, deviating from classical sonata and creating noctures, ballades, preludes, used to express deep emotion.
• Richard Strauss and and Wagner were leading Romantic composers with notable such as, Thus Spake Zarathusa.

Realism

• The traditional subjects of art, in particular the gods and goddesses, and the idealisation of the subject matter were reounced by Realists.
• Realist artists include: Francois Millet (The Angelus) and Gustave Courbet (Stone-breakers).

Art Nouveau

• Art Nouveau, was marked by sinuous, undulating lines and plant motifs, began as a reaction to industrialization and the machine.
• William Morris raised voice against mass production and lowered artistic quality.
• William Moris' other company was Rosetti; Burne Jones, and Maddox Brown by making art nouveau style products such as, lamps and household supplies.
• William Black Songs of Innocence and Aubrey Beardsley Medusas are another artists that incorporated Art Nouveau elements into their artwork.

Symbolism

• The theory "art for art's sake," was influenced by Baudelaire
• He inspired one to escape to primitive islands untouched by civilization in the work, .
• Verlaine and S. Eliot developed poetry, Baudelaire Rimbaud.
• A new vision of the universe created symbolism as well.

The 20th Century - Modern Art: Search for Meaning in Art Expressionism

• The primacy of strong feelings, gave away to emotion and conflict are the features of exppressionism.
• Bright colors disregrading natural colors, with distorted and elongated forms. Vincent Van Goghs and his piece "The Scream" are known for showing these features.
• Other artists included Kirchner and Kandinsky with "The Blue Rider" show similar style.

Dadaism

• Founded by Tristan Tzara meaning hobby horse it ridicules traditional art and protested against the tyranny.
• The Mona Lisa Da Vinci was defaced by dadists, Marcel Duchamp and Frances Picabia.

Surrealism

• Surrealism took root in the psycho-analytic method of Freud and represented on free association from reality.
• The founder Andre Breton implemented uncontrolled meanderings of dreams.
• Salvador Dali, is most well known for his persistence of memory in his visual work.

Social Realism

• Mexican artists used the power of art to change society for the better though the use of murals as well.
• Such as, Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siquieros, and Diego Rivera.

Modern Art: Experimentation with Form (Impressionism)

• Inspired was named from by Claude Monet through painting, that rebelled agains't art in classism.
• The ideals of capturing the absolite light.
• Artist used vibrant, cool color relationships and photographed to add depth and angel.
• Claaude Monet known for Cathedral: Nympheas, and Auguste Renoir, and Degas are impression style artist.

Fauvism

• French term for ''wild beasts'', used bold colors and was no longer defined.
• The style include Painter's Design, Woman with a Hat, Large Red Interior and artists such as Andre Derain, and S. Bonnard.

Pointillism

• Divisionism are tiny dots painted by Georges Seurat and Andre Derain.

Paul Cezanne

• Cezanne advised painters to treat nature by the cylinder, the sphere, everything is pointed towards a central.
• Pablo Picasso is known for cubism.
• Point of View exaggerated simplified.
• Juan Gris and Fernand Leger artists are known for cubism.

Futurism

• Analysed for being able to Visually the various stages of an action, it is an act of unfolding the a artist.
• Artist such as Marcel Duchamp (Armored Train), Giacomo Balla (Automobile and Noise) are involved with "machine".

Abstract Art

• This work is Logical in extending from the object fragments.
• Vasilily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian's work, and the independent artists proclaimed that the object should not be represented.
• Piet Mondrian use geometric abstraction with mathematically precise work with right angles.

Op Art

• Opticl art creates an illusion through precision and ingenious line colors, with Vasarely and Bridget Riley it is primary opponents.

Pop Art

• Subject matters are taken from mass produced items like tin cans, and film.
• Campbell soild it in a comment.
• Artists such as Artist include Andy and Roy (Claes).

Psychedelic Art

• Psychedelic seeks luminuous shapers visualized through stimulants.

The 17th and 18th Centuries Rococo

• Developed under French kings, the Rococo's, in the ornate way through baroque style in harmony.
• the Rococo casted aside spirals and shell-like motifs in the general sense in their art.
• Eragonard, Francois Boucher, Antoine Wattew and Ivan Albrightare are all artist who applied Rococo into their work.

Baroque Art

• The reformation used relgion to appeal motion.
• Style Emphasizes lightening movement- energy, and unrestful style.
• The expressions are turbulent, the form diagonals move into space.
• Is the chiarscuro technique an important tool in the design as Space was rediscovered.
• Rembrandt, Rubens, Caravaggio are artist that used Barouque.

The 16th Century Mannerism

• The shake and distability caused decay and expressed insescurity.
• El Grecco, Vignola are artists who used mannerimsm in Rome.

Mediums and techiniques

• Lecture defines how the mediums can be applied by how an artist translates a unique masterpiece.
• Steel, marble, bronze and wood are examples sculpture.
• Zulueta has found a classiffication system that the medium, believes to be of his/her best interest when delivering creative production.
• Watercolour is a medium of rich and warm materials, and the fresco moistens colors.

Classification of Visual Arts

• Visual Arts- Spaces Seen
• Auditory Time- Heard Expire
• Combined Art- Seen heard Time space.
• The arts can be mediums and elements that effect visualization of Supply, Demand and Basic qualities in the world.

Lecture 7

• Explains visual arts with 4 dimensions that focus on color and how it is 3D space arch and how it makes you feell, depending on the object or event.
• Representational and no- representational: painting printing are present but non rep music
• History myths, religion, art and tech represent subject matter for art. Abstraction - When an artist becomes engrossed in feeling about it, this is referred to as S an abstraction Technique is employed to dramatize the shape of a fure and make it feel some type of way/ Surrealism- Have to do with the feeling of art related to dreams and and the mind. Line makes shapes and symbolized expressions and emotions.