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Questions and Answers
At what stage of pregnancy can the sex of the fetus typically be identified?
At what stage of pregnancy can the sex of the fetus typically be identified?
Which of the following is a physical change a woman may experience during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a physical change a woman may experience during the first trimester of pregnancy?
By approximately what week of pregnancy does the fetus have a chance of survival outside the uterus?
By approximately what week of pregnancy does the fetus have a chance of survival outside the uterus?
What is one of the emotional changes a woman may experience during the first trimester?
What is one of the emotional changes a woman may experience during the first trimester?
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During which trimester do women experience physical changes like back and abdomen aches?
During which trimester do women experience physical changes like back and abdomen aches?
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Which of these changes is NOT typically associated with the second trimester?
Which of these changes is NOT typically associated with the second trimester?
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What physical change may occur in the third trimester that has not been fully listed?
What physical change may occur in the third trimester that has not been fully listed?
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Which of the following is an emotional change associated with the second trimester?
Which of the following is an emotional change associated with the second trimester?
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What is the thickness of the wall of the blastocyst in most areas?
What is the thickness of the wall of the blastocyst in most areas?
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Which functions does the placenta serve during pregnancy?
Which functions does the placenta serve during pregnancy?
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At what point is the blastocyst considered an embryo?
At what point is the blastocyst considered an embryo?
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What stage of development occurs when organs and critical body structures are formed?
What stage of development occurs when organs and critical body structures are formed?
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When does the heart of the embryo begin to pump fluid through blood vessels?
When does the heart of the embryo begin to pump fluid through blood vessels?
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What is the role of amniotic fluid during embryonic development?
What is the role of amniotic fluid during embryonic development?
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How does the placenta prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the embryo?
How does the placenta prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the embryo?
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What term describes a developing baby from the 10th week of pregnancy onward?
What term describes a developing baby from the 10th week of pregnancy onward?
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What marks the beginning of the process of human reproduction?
What marks the beginning of the process of human reproduction?
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What structure forms during early embryonic development shortly after fertilization?
What structure forms during early embryonic development shortly after fertilization?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage of the fetal development process?
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the fetal development process?
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What change occurs in the cervix during ovulation?
What change occurs in the cervix during ovulation?
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Why is understanding human reproduction considered important?
Why is understanding human reproduction considered important?
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What typically occurs when more than one egg is fertilized?
What typically occurs when more than one egg is fertilized?
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Childbirth is described as a complex process that is influenced by which of the following?
Childbirth is described as a complex process that is influenced by which of the following?
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What is the role of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst?
What is the role of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst?
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Study Notes
Placenta
- A temporary organ that connects a developing baby to the uterus during pregnancy
- It provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby and removes waste products
Stages of Pregnancy
- Typical pregnancy lasts 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) to the birth of the baby.
- Divided into three trimesters:
- First trimester
- Second trimester
- Third trimester
First Trimester Physical Changes
- Missed period
- Extreme fatigue
- Tender, swollen breasts, nipples may protrude
- Nausea with or without throwing up
- Cravings or aversion to certain foods
- Constipation
- Frequent urination
- Headache
- Heartburn
- Weight gain or loss
- Light bleeding or spotting
First Trimester Emotional Changes
- Excitement and joy
- Anxiety and fear
- Mood swings
- Uncertainty
- Increased sensitivity
Second Trimester Physical Changes
- Back, abdomen, groin, or thigh aches and pains
- Stretch marks on abdomen, breasts, thighs, or buttocks
- A line on the skin running from belly button to pubic hairline
- Patches of darker skin, usually over the cheeks, forehead, nose, or upper lip
- Numb or tingling hands
- Itching of the abdomen, palms, and soles of the feet
- Swelling of the ankles, fingers, and face
- Varicose veins
Second Trimester Emotional Changes
- Increased confidence
- Bonding with the baby
- Anxiety about the future
- Body image issues
- Mood swings
Third Trimester Physical Changes
- Objectives:
- Understand the miracle of birth
- Identify the stages of the developing baby's growth
- Enumerate the changes in a woman during pregnancy
- Demonstrate the importance of being knowledgeable about human reproduction
- Appreciate one's own birth story
The Miracle of Birth
- A complex tapestry of life
- Often used to describe the awe-inspiring process of human reproduction and childbirth
- A biological marvel, as fetal development is astonishing
- Childbirth is a complex and often arduous process
- Profoundly emotional and spiritual experience
- Can be a deeply spiritual experience
- The foundation of families, communities, and nations
Stages of Development of the Fetus
-
Fertilization:
- The process of combining the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (ovum)
- Release of the egg is called ovulation
- At ovulation, the mucus in the cervix becomes more fluid and elastic
- If fertilization does not occur, the egg moves down the fallopian tube to the uterus
- If a sperm penetrates the egg, fertilization results
- In the uterus, the cells continue to divide
- If more than one egg is released and fertilized, the pregnancy involves more than one fetus, usually two (twins)
Development of the Blastocyst
- A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises
- About 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus
- The wall of the blastocyst is one cell thick except in one area, where it is three to four cells thick
- The placenta produces several hormones that help maintain the pregnancy
- The placenta also carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste materials from the fetus to the mother
- When the sac is formed (by about day 10 to 12), the blastocyst is considered an embryo
Development of the Embryo
- Refers to the development and formation of the human embryo
- Early stage of development in which organs and critical body structures are formed
- Characterized by the formation of most internal organs and external body structures
- At this time, the embryo elongates and first suggests a human shape
- The heart and major blood vessels begin to develop earlier
- The heart begins to pump fluid through blood vessels by day 20
- Almost all organs are completely formed by about 10 weeks after fertilization
- During this period, the embryo is most vulnerable to the effects of drugs, radiation, and viruses
Placenta and Embryo at About 8 Weeks
- At 8 weeks of pregnancy, the placenta and fetus have been developing for 6 weeks
- A thin membrane separates the embryo's blood in the villi from the mother's blood that flows through the space surrounding the villi (intervillous space)
- Arrangements allow for:
- Materials to be exchanged between the blood of the mother and that of the embryo
- Prevents the mother's immune system from attacking the embryo
- The embryo floats in fluid (amniotic fluid), which is contained in a sac (amniotic sac)
- The amniotic fluid:
- Provides a space in which the embryo can grow freely
- Helps protect the embryo from injury
Development of the Fetus and Placenta
-
Fetus:
- Developing baby beginning in the 10th week of pregnancy
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Description
Test your knowledge on the stages of pregnancy, from the role of the placenta to the physical and emotional changes during each trimester. This quiz covers key information one should know about their journey through pregnancy.
