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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a risk factor related to being a primigravida?
New paternity is a risk factor for pregnant women exposed to the placenta for the first time.
True
What placental condition is associated with twin pregnancies?
Placentomegaly
A woman with a ______ pregnancy is at higher risk for placentomegaly.
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Match the condition with its associated risk factor:
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What is the first organ involved in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)?
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Increased blood pressure during pregnancy is primarily associated with increased renal blood flow.
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What condition is indicated by a serum creatinine level of ≥ 1.1 mg/dL?
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Cerebral ________ occurs due to excessive blood flow to the brain.
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Match the following pathological processes with their descriptions:
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What is a common treatment for impending eclampsia?
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Visual disturbances are uncommon in patients with pre-eclampsia.
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What percentage of severe pre-eclampsia cases may result in blindness?
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The classification for hypertensive retinopathy is via the ______ Classification.
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Match the following sign or symptom with its description:
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Which of the following drugs is NOT a first-line drug for severe hypertensive crisis?
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Oral Nifedipine can be administered sublingually for treating hypertension.
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What is the target diastolic blood pressure for managing hypertension in pregnancy?
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The maximum dose of Labetalol for IV administration is ______ mg.
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Match the following drugs with their administration routes:
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What is the recommended time for termination of pregnancy in cases of severe pre-eclampsia?
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Immediate termination of pregnancy is required for eclampsia, regardless of gestational age.
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List two investigations that should be done for all cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH).
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Pregnancy-induced hypertension may lead to serious conditions such as _____ syndrome.
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Match the following conditions with their recommended termination of pregnancy timing:
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What is the primary use of Magnesium Sulphate in pregnant females?
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Magnesium Sulphate acts on NMDA receptors to increase oxidative stress.
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What is the therapeutic range for Magnesium Sulphate?
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The contraindicated antihypertensives in pregnancy include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and _____ blockers, except for Labetalol.
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Match the following magnesium sulfate regimens with their respective doses:
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What is the first clinical sign of placental ischemia related hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy?
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The brain sparing effect refers to decreased blood flow to the brain during placental ischemia.
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What are the components of Virchow's triad that increase the risk of thrombosis in placental ischemia?
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Decreased blood supply to the fetus due to uteroplacental insufficiency can result in ______.
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Match the mediator changes in maternal blood with their effects:
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What is the frequency of non-stress tests for women with severe pre-eclampsia?
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Fetal monitoring begins at 34 weeks for mild pre-eclampsia.
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What is the target systolic blood pressure that indicates the need for antihypertensives in pregnancy?
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The S/D ratio of umbilical artery being greater than or equal to ______ is a finding in PIH.
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Match the type of pregnancy complication with its respective management frequency:
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What is the first treatment administered for convulsions in eclampsia management?
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The only mode of delivery indicated for patients with severe pre-eclampsia is cesarean section.
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Name one condition that requires the termination of pregnancy in severe pre-eclampsia.
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To manage complications during pregnancy with severe pre-eclampsia, one must administer ______ to help prevent seizures.
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Match the emergency condition with its management approach:
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What is the recommended medication dosage for hypertensive mothers?
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The diastolic notch in a normal pregnant female disappears around week 18.
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At what gestational age should medication for hypertensive mothers be started?
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The presence of _____ is an indicator of early onset pre-eclampsia.
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Match each predictor of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) with its description:
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting PIH
- Risk factors: Primigravida, new paternity, long interpregnancy interval, Placentomegaly, molar pregnancy
- Placental tissue increased: Twin pregnancy, diabetic patient, Rh negative pregnancy.
- Molar pregnancy: early onset PE
Impending Eclampsia
- Severe headache, epigastric pain, visual disturbances, TOP after stabilization regardless of gestational age
- Visual disturbances: Blurring of vision, scotoma, diplopia, occipital blindness (Amaurosis fugax)
- Causes of vision problems: Retinal ischemia and detachment, Purtscher Retinopathy
- Blindness: Reversible in many cases, retinal artery occlusion or retinal detachment are exceptions
Eclampsia with Fetal Distress
- Management: Check fetal heart sound (FHS), rule out abruptio placentae, Cesarean Section +/-
PIH Main Factor
- Placenta
Definitive Treatment
- Termination of pregnancy
First Organ Involved
- Maternal kidney
Pathological Processes
- Glomerulo endotheliosis: Narrowing or blockage in the blood vessels of the kidney's glomeruli
- Increased Blood Pressure (↑BP): Decreased blood flow to kidneys.
- Decreased Renal Blood Flow (↓RBF): Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
- Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (↓GFR): Reduced ability of the kidneys to filter waste products.
- Oliguria: Decreased urine output.
- Increased filtering capacity of kidney: Leads to elevated Urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
- Note: Serum creatinine ≥ 1.1 mg/dL indicates end-organ damage.
Cerebrovascular Pathology
- Leaky capillary endothelium of brain: Cerebral edema, induced hypoxia, release of excitatory neurotransmitters, eclampsia/convulsions.
- Loss of cerebral autoregulation: Cerebral hyperperfusion
- Symptoms: Throbbing/severe headache, visual disturbances.
Antihypertensives in PIH
- Indications: BP < 160/110 mm Hg, NICE Guidelines: ≥ 150/100 mm Hg persistently.
- Target BP: Systolic: 130-140 mmHg, Diastolic: 80-90 mmHg.
Drugs for PE
- 1st line drugs: Labetalol, Hydralazine, Nifedipine.
- Other: Verapamil, Nitroglycerine, Ketanserin, Nimodipine
- Severe PE/Hypertensive crisis: IV Anti HTN drugs.
- Labetalol (IV Route): 20mg IV → Check BP in 15 min → 40mg. Maximum dose: 220 mg. Contraindicated in bradycardia and asthma.
- Hydralazine (IV Route): 5mg IV → 20 min → 10mg IV. Maximum dose: 30 mg.
- Oral Nifedipine (Not Sublingual):
Drugs for Chronic Hypertension
- First line drugs (Oral Route): Methyldopa, Labetalol, Nifedipine
Magnesium Sulphate
- Use: Prevention and treatment of seizure in a hypertensive pregnant female.
- Mechanism of Action (MOA): Centrally acting drugs, acts on NMDA receptors → ↓ cerebral edema, ↓ Oxidative Stress, Stabilizing membrane potential.
- Therapeutic Range: 4 to 7 mg (Narrow therapeutic range)
Pritchard Regimen
- Loading Dose (IM): 10 gms of 50% MgSO₄ (5 gms in each buttock).
- Loading Dose (IV): 4 gms of 20% MgSO₄.
Contraindicated Antihypertensives in pregnancy
- ACE Inhibitors, Diazoxide, Diuretics, ARBs, β-blockers (except: Labetalol)
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: Part 3
- PIH Management: Proper history taken, LFT, S.Creat, Platelet Count, LDH, Lab tests, Fundal examination, Peripheral Blood Smear,
- Check for BP > 160/110 and signs of end organ damage.
- Definitive Management: Termination of pregnancy
Management of PIH by Gestational Age
- Mild pre-eclampsia: 37 weeks
- Severe pre-eclampsia: 34 weeks
- Eclampsia, Impending eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, PIH with fetal distress, PIH with abruption: Immediate termination regardless of gestational age
- Chronic HTN: 37 weeks
- Chronic HTN with superimposed PE: 37 weeks
Placental Ischemia
- Decrease in Placental Size -> Uteroplacental Insufficiency -> Decreased Blood Supply to Fetus -> IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction)
Increased mediators in maternal blood
- **Increased: ** SFLT (soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase), S.Endoglin, ILS, TNF α, Thromboxane A2, sensitivity to angiotensin enzyme, antiangiogenic factors
- Decreased: VEGF, Placental growth factor, NO, Prostacyclin I, activity of angiotensinase enzyme
Maternal Blood Release of Mediators Outcomes
- Vasoconstriction -> Increased Blood Pressure (1st clinical sign of PIH after 20 weeks)
- Endothelial Injury -> Leaky Capillaries -> Fluid Accumulation in 3rd Space (Pathological Edema, Ascites)
- Inside the Vessel: Hemoconcentration, Stasis of blood flow, Platelet activation and aggregation, Endothelial injury
- Virchow's Triad (Increased Risk of Thrombosis): Thrombosis, End Organ Damage (Possible Multiple Organ Failure).
Medical and Surgical Complications: Monitoring in PIH
- High risk pregnancy
- Fetal monitoring starts from 32 weeks
- Daily fetal movement count
- Non stress test
- Biophysical score
- USG for fetal Growth
- Umbilical artery doppler
Umbilical Artery Doppler: Findings in PIH and utero-placental insufficiency
- Abnormal Findings: S/D ratio of umbilical artery ≥ 3, Absent end diastolic flow, Reversed end diastolic flow.
Termination of Pregnancy
- Mild/Severe PE: Vaginal delivery preferred, Cesarean section only for obstetrical indication
- Anesthesia: Neuraxial anesthesia > Epidural anesthesia
Management of Mild Pre-eclampsia/PE without Severe Features
-
OPD Basis Treatment: BP monitoring twice daily, fetal monitoring starting at 32 weeks, education on signs and symptoms of impending eclampsia, Antihypertensives if:
- ≥ 160/110 mmHg: IV
- ≥ 150/100 mmHg &
Management of Severe Pre-eclampsia/PE with Severe Features
- Treated Inpatient: Evaluation: Lab investigation + Fundal examination, Treatment MgSO4, Anti HTN, Corticosteroid (First dose)
- Prevent: Seizures, Intracranial hemorrhage
-
Terminate Pregnancy (After 1st dose): Evaluate Conditions:
- No emergency conditions: Complete corticosteroid course
-
Emergency conditions:
- Gestational Age < 34 weeks: Continue pregnancy till 34 weeks
- Gestational Age ≥ 34 weeks: Induction of labor
Conditions requiring termination of pregnancy:
- HELLP syndrome, Impending eclampsia, Eclampsia, Fetal distress, Placental abruption, DIC, Pulmonary edema
Management of Eclampsia
-
Management Algorithm:
- Step 1: Patient with Convulsions → Raising bed rails/ Airway management
- Step 2: MgSO4 (To treat Convulsions)
- Step 3: Anti-HTN (IV Route)
- Definitive Management: Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) - Irrespective of Gestational age
- Additional Notes: Fetal monitoring, Umbilical artery Doppler, Continue Anti-HTN
ACOG Recommendation for Hypertensive Mothers
- Mnemonic: All hypertensive mothers can die
- Diseases: APLA syndrome, Chronic HTN, Multifetal pregnancy, Kidney disease, Diabetes.
- Medication: Give low dose of medication (80-150mg, 1 tab: 75mg)
- Start: At 12 weeks, (not later than 16 weeks)
- End: At 36 weeks.
Predictors of PIH
- New predictors: ↑ SFLT-1, ↑ S.Endoglin, ↓ VGEF, ↓ Placental growth factor. SFLT-1: PL growth factor (Best)
- Outdated predictors: Giants roll over test, Angiotensin II challenge test
- Others: Uterine artery doppler (UAD)
Uterine Artery Doppler
- In a normal pregnant female: The diastolic notch is present initially. As pregnancy progresses, the Peak Velocity Ratio (PVR) decreases. The notch disappears around week 20-22.
- Predictors of PIH: Persistence of diastolic notch, ↑ Pulsatility Index, ↑ Resistance Index
- Period of Gestation: 22-24 weeks (to predict PIH), 11-13 weeks (Pulsatility index and Resistance index are used to predict early onset PE)
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Description
This quiz covers crucial topics related to pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and eclampsia, including their risk factors, symptoms, and management strategies. Learn about the clinical signs of impending eclampsia and the definitive treatments available, as well as the role of the placenta in these conditions.