Pregnancy Hormones and Terminology Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which hormone shares its alpha subunit with hCG?

  • Human placental lactogen (hPL)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (correct)
  • Progesterone (P4)

What is the primary role of hCG during early pregnancy?

  • To stimulate the production of hPL
  • To increase levels of insulin
  • To maintain the corpus luteum (correct)
  • To stimulate the thyroid gland directly

Which hormone primarily causes relaxation of smooth muscle during pregnancy?

  • Progesterone (correct)
  • hCG
  • Estrogen
  • hPL

Which of these hormones is known for its insulin antagonist effect during pregnancy?

<p>Human placental lactogen (hPL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does estrogen have on thyroid hormones during pregnancy?

<p>Stimulates TBG, leading to an increase in total T3 and T4 levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common skin change during pregnancy?

<p>Increased skin turgor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?

<p>To produce progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do hCG levels typically peak during pregnancy?

<p>At approximately 10 to 12 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'A' in TPAL designation represent?

<p>Abortuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Goodell sign?

<p>Softening and cyanosis of the cervix at or after 4 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who has had one full-term birth, one preterm birth and two miscarriages would be represented by which TPAL designation?

<p>P1-1-2-3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who is pregnant for the first time is correctly referred to as:

<p>Nulliparous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'grand multip' refer to?

<p>A woman whose parity is greater than or equal to 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nägele's rule, if a woman's LMP was 12/1/2023 what would be her estimated date of delivery (EDD)?

<p>9/8/2024 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gestational age (GA) and developmental age (DA)?

<p>GA is usually 2 weeks more than DA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In assisted reproductive technology (ART), how is the estimated date of confinement calculated?

<p>By adding 266 days from the date of ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS), what additional option should always be offered to the patient?

<p>Pregnancy termination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern in the management of monochorionic-monoamniotic (Mo-Mo) twins?

<p>Cord entanglement and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical delivery method for Mo-Mo twins?

<p>Cesarean section between weeks 28-34 after continuous fetal monitoring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common presentation of twins at the time of delivery?

<p>Both vertex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a trial of labor suitable for twins?

<p>When both twins are vertex presenting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is breech extraction advantageous for the delivery of the second twin?

<p>It allows for quick grasping of the twin's lower extremity and expedited delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which delivery method is generally recommended for nonvertex presenting twins?

<p>Cesarean section (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might a vaginal delivery be considered for triplets?

<p>When all triplets are vertex presenting and between 1,500g and 2,000g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is LEAST likely to increase the risk of preeclampsia?

<p>Cohabitation with the baby's father for more than a year prior to conception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the minimum threshold for diagnosing gestational hypertension?

<p>Systolic reading of 140 mm Hg or more and diastolic reading of 90 mm Hg or more, measured on at least two occasions hours apart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the information suggest about the relationship between urine dip and 24-hour urinary protein levels?

<p>Two-thirds of patients with elevated blood pressures and negative or trace protein on urine dip had significant proteinuria when tested. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who had preeclampsia in her previous pregnancy is now pregnant with a new partner. How would her risk of preeclampsia compare to other women?

<p>Her risk is similar to a woman who has never been pregnant before. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a risk factor that is primarily immunogenically related to preeclampsia?

<p>Nulliparity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which of the following is NOT a risk factor for preeclampsia?

<p>Being male (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood pressure reading would be considered diagnostic of gestational hypertension assuming it is measured more than once 4-6 hours apart?

<p>145/95 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although changes of 30 mm Hg above pre-pregnancy systolic BP or 15 mm Hg above pre-pregnancy diastolic BP are no longer diagnostic of gestational hypertension, what is their significance?

<p>They should still be noted clinically as potentially significant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended gestational age range for routine gestational diabetes screening in women with low risk?

<p>Between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the White classification, what characterizes Class A1 diabetes during pregnancy?

<p>Diet controlled gestational diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pregnant woman with a history of diabetes since she was 12 and has had it for 15 years falls into which class of White classification?

<p>Class C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common initial glucose screening test used in the United States during pregnancy?

<p>50-g glucose load test with 1-hour plasma glucose measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pregnant woman has a 1-hour glucose level of 135 mg/dL after a 50-g glucose load. How is this result typically interpreted?

<p>Positive, indicating the need for further glucose tolerance test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to White classification, which class is assigned to pregnant women with proliferative retinopathy?

<p>Class R (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing HIV transmission?

<p>Sharing needles for intravenous drug use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated if a pregnant woman has a 1-hour glucose level of 145 mg/dL after a 50-g glucose load?

<p>A glucose tolerance test (e.g. 100-g glucose load test) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated risk of HIV infection from blood transfusion with improved screening methods?

<p>Less than 1 in 1,000,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of endometritis?

<p>Normal cervical or vaginal discharge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drug classes does NOT act to inhibit reverse transcriptase?

<p>Integrase inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

<p>Interfering with the synthesis of viral particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HAART stand for, in the context of HIV treatment?

<p>Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important concern regarding HIV infection in women?

<p>The prevention of vertical transmission to the fetus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of infants born to HIV-infected mothers will become infected with HIV if no treatment is given?

<p>Approximately 25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that increases the risk of vertical HIV transmission?

<p>Early membrane rupture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mo-Mo Twins

Monozygotic twins sharing both an amniotic sac and placenta, at high risk for cord entanglement.

Antenatal Testing

Monitoring of twins during pregnancy to assess fetal well-being.

IUFD

Intrauterine fetal demise, the loss of a fetus in utero.

Cesarean Section

Surgical delivery method for twins or higher order multiples.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delivery of Twins

Options depend on presentation: vertex or breech positions of the twins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trial of Labor

Process allowing vaginal delivery attempt if conditions are favorable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Breech Extraction

Delivery technique used primarily for the second twin when breech.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delivery of Triplets

Most often requires cesarean section due to increased complications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

hCG Structure

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has alpha and beta subunits; the alpha is shared with LH, FSH, TSH.

Signup and view all the flashcards

hCG Levels in Pregnancy

hCG levels double every 48 hours in early pregnancy, peaking at 10-12 weeks, then decline after week 15.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Role of hCG

hCG maintains the corpus luteum, leading to progesterone production which sustains the endometrium in early pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corpus Luteum Function

The corpus luteum produces progesterone until the placenta takes over this production around week 15.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effect of Progesterone

Progesterone relaxes smooth muscles, affecting GI, cardiovascular, and genitourinary functions during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

hPL, or hCS, ensures nutrient supply to the fetus and acts as an insulin antagonist, increasing free fatty acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Hormones in Pregnancy

Pregnancy leads to increased total T3 and T4 due to estrogen but free levels remain constant; hCG weakly stimulates thyroid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dermatological Changes in Pregnancy

Pregnancy causes skin changes like spider angiomata, palmar erythema, and hyperpigmentation due to hormone elevation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preeclampsia Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing preeclampsia, including both disease-related and immunogenic-related factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Hypertension

Consistent high blood pressure that can contribute to complications such as preeclampsia during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nulliparity

The state of never having given birth, which is a risk factor for preeclampsia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cohabitation Timing

Living with the father of the baby for longer than a year may decrease the risk of preeclampsia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Hypertension (GH)

Elevated blood pressure during pregnancy, diagnosed with readings ≥ 140/90 on two occasions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine Protein Measurement

A test to evaluate protein in urine, crucial for diagnosing conditions related to preeclampsia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maternal Age Risk

Women aged 35 and older are at increased risk for complications like preeclampsia during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proteinuria Prediction

The urine protein to creatinine ratio is a better predictor of significant proteinuria than dip tests alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes Screening Timing

Screen at 24-28 weeks for low-risk women; earlier for high-risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes Class A1

Gestational diabetes controlled by diet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes Class A2

Gestational diabetes controlled by insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes

Risk factors include age, weight, and family history.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose Tolerance Test

A test using a 100-g glucose load to confirm diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Glucose Threshold

Normal fasting glucose is below 130-140 mg/dL after a 50-g load.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Screening for High-Risk Women

Screen at first visit if high-risk, then again early third trimester.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proposed Screening Thresholds

New thresholds at 130 or 135 mg/dL may increase sensitivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TPAL designation

A system used to summarize a woman's obstetric history involving Term, Preterm, Abortuses, and Living children.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abortuses

Pregnancy losses occurring before 20 weeks, including both spontaneous and therapeutic abortions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chadwick sign

Bluish discoloration of the vagina and cervix indicating early pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Goodell sign

Softening and cyanosis of the cervix occurring around 4 weeks of pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ladin sign

Softening of the uterus occurring after 6 weeks of pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quickening

The first noticeable fetal movement experienced by a pregnant woman.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gravidity vs. Parity

Gravidity refers to the number of pregnancies; parity refers to the number of births after 20 weeks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Naegele's rule

A method for estimating the due date by subtracting 3 months from the LMP and adding 7 days.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Transmission Prevention

Efforts to reduce risky behaviors to prevent HIV spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Opportunistic Infections

Infections that occur more frequently in HIV-positive patients due to weakened immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleoside Analogs

Drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and block viral replication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protease Inhibitors

Drugs that disrupt the synthesis of viral particles in HIV treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HAART

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy combining different drug classes for HIV treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vertical Transmission

Transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or delivery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cervical Cancer in HIV Patients

Increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in women with HIV, requiring more screening.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Transfusion Risk

Current estimated risk of HIV infection from blood transfusion is less than 1:1,000,000.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Table of Contents

  • Front of Book
    • Authors
    • Preface
    • Acknowledgments
    • Abbreviations
  • Table of Contents
    • Part 1 - Obstetrics
    • Part 2 - Gynecology
  • Back of Book
    • Questions
    • Answers
    • Index
    • Color Plates

Abbreviations

  • This page contains a list of abbreviations, acronyms, and other shorthand commonly found in medical texts.

Preface

  • Discusses the history of the Blueprints series, highlighting its evolution and continued success in providing board review materials for medical students and residents.
  • Expands its content to the latest research and therapies, covering topics like cervical dysplasia, preeclampsia, cervical insufficiency, preterm labor, and contemporary uterine fibroid and breast cancer treatment methods.
  • Notes the inclusion of color plates and a revised bibliography for enhanced visualization and improved evidence-based information.
  • Emphasizes the flexibility of Blueprints, noting use by medical students, residents, physician assistants, nurses, and other medical professionals.

Abbreviations (Page 3)

  • Full list of abbreviations and their definitions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser