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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of insulin in relation to glucose in the bloodstream during the 2nd trimester?
What is the significance of insulin in relation to glucose in the bloodstream during the 2nd trimester?
- Insulin causes excess glucose to accumulate in the bloodstream.
- Insulin is produced only when glucose levels are low.
- Insulin prevents the conversion of rice to glucose.
- Insulin acts as a key that allows glucose to enter the cells. (correct)
What might indicate a risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a patient?
What might indicate a risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a patient?
- Experiencing significant weight loss during pregnancy.
- Having high glucose levels in the bloodstream and insulin resistance. (correct)
- Having a regular diet with no carbohydrate intake.
- Showing no signs of glucose in the urine during check-ups.
What distinguishes the 'Dirty Duncan' and 'Shiny Schultz' sides of the placenta?
What distinguishes the 'Dirty Duncan' and 'Shiny Schultz' sides of the placenta?
- Dirty Duncan indicates the fetal side, while Shiny Schultz indicates the maternal side.
- Dirty Duncan is the side that separates from the start edges, and Shiny Schultz is centrally located.
- Dirty Duncan has an outer layer appearance, while Shiny Schultz is the inner layer.
- Dirty Duncan appears less appealing while Shiny Schultz has a glossy surface. (correct)
What is the average number of cotyledons found in a placenta?
What is the average number of cotyledons found in a placenta?
When should screening for gestational diabetes typically occur during pregnancy?
When should screening for gestational diabetes typically occur during pregnancy?
What should be avoided to prevent complications from hemorrhoids during pregnancy?
What should be avoided to prevent complications from hemorrhoids during pregnancy?
Why is hemorrhoidectomy not encouraged during pregnancy?
Why is hemorrhoidectomy not encouraged during pregnancy?
Which of the following statements about relaxin is correct?
Which of the following statements about relaxin is correct?
What is a common cause of leg cramps during pregnancy?
What is a common cause of leg cramps during pregnancy?
What precaution should be taken to manage back pain during pregnancy?
What precaution should be taken to manage back pain during pregnancy?
What is expected to happen to the heart during pregnancy?
What is expected to happen to the heart during pregnancy?
Which physiological change is not expected during pregnancy?
Which physiological change is not expected during pregnancy?
How can edema during pregnancy be relieved?
How can edema during pregnancy be relieved?
What symptom is commonly associated with increased plasma volume in pregnant women?
What symptom is commonly associated with increased plasma volume in pregnant women?
In which scenario is high blood pressure acceptable during pregnancy?
In which scenario is high blood pressure acceptable during pregnancy?
For a gravida with cardiac issues, what is the most critical period for potential cardiac arrest?
For a gravida with cardiac issues, what is the most critical period for potential cardiac arrest?
What might happen as a result of the heart pumping more during pregnancy?
What might happen as a result of the heart pumping more during pregnancy?
What is a common complication of poor circulation in pregnant women?
What is a common complication of poor circulation in pregnant women?
What defines presumptive signs of pregnancy?
What defines presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Which statement about a mother’s perception of the baby during presumptive signs is correct?
Which statement about a mother’s perception of the baby during presumptive signs is correct?
Which of the following is a focus of management during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a focus of management during the first trimester of pregnancy?
The phrase 'Lumalaki ang tyan ko' is commonly associated with which aspect of early pregnancy?
The phrase 'Lumalaki ang tyan ko' is commonly associated with which aspect of early pregnancy?
At 32 weeks of pregnancy, what may the mother typically feel regarding her weight?
At 32 weeks of pregnancy, what may the mother typically feel regarding her weight?
What is a primary reason for increased salivation during the third trimester of pregnancy?
What is a primary reason for increased salivation during the third trimester of pregnancy?
What management strategy can be used to alleviate increased salivation during pregnancy?
What management strategy can be used to alleviate increased salivation during pregnancy?
Which statement is true regarding weight gain during pregnancy?
Which statement is true regarding weight gain during pregnancy?
What is the expected average weight gain during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What is the expected average weight gain during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What symptom appears during the first trimester and typically disappears in the second trimester?
What symptom appears during the first trimester and typically disappears in the second trimester?
Which method is more advisable for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
Which method is more advisable for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
What is the normal weight gain during the second and third trimesters?
What is the normal weight gain during the second and third trimesters?
What dietary recommendation is advised for managing fluid intake during pregnancy?
What dietary recommendation is advised for managing fluid intake during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Placenta
- The placenta is a vital organ that develops during pregnancy. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, removing waste products, and producing hormones.
- The maternal side of the placenta is located near the uterus and has a rough appearance (dirty Duncan).
- The fetal side of the placenta is smooth (shiny Schultz).
- The placenta is composed of cotyledons, which are small, lobular units that average around 25-30 in number.
###Â Diabetogenic Effect
- The placenta can produce hormones that can have a diabetogenic effect.
- It can make the body less sensitive to insulin which leads to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
- Insulin antagonist hormones prevent glucose from entering cells, resulting in GDM, especially in the late stages of pregnancy.
###Â Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
- The risk of GDM increases in the second and third trimesters.
- Screening for GDM is recommended between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy.
###Â Physiological Changes
- Elevated blood pressure is not a expected physiological change during pregnancy.
- Slight hypertrophy of the heart is normal during pregnancy.
- Increased plasma volume during pregnancy can lead to easy fatigability.
###Â Urinary Frequency
- Urinary frequency is a common symptom during pregnancy.
- It's caused by pressure on the bladder from the growing uterus.
- Urinary frequency can appear during the first trimester, disappear in the second, and return at the end of the third trimester.
Hemorrhoids
- Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the anal area, caused by obstructed blood flow.
- They are common during pregnancy due to increased pressure on the pelvic area.
- Hemorrhoidectomy is discouraged during pregnancy due to the risk of anal sphincter damage, leading to incontinence and infection.
- Infection is considered teratogenic (can cause birth defects).
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
- The average expected weight gain during pregnancy is 25-35 pounds.
- It's recommended to gain 3 pounds during the first trimester (12 weeks) and 1 pound per week during the second and third trimesters.
Signs of Pregnancy
- Presumptive signs are subjective signs reported by the pregnant woman, such as missed periods, nausea, and breast tenderness.
- Presumptive signs are not definitive proof of pregnancy.
- It's important to offer comfort and support to expectant mothers who experience presumptive signs in the first trimester.
###Â Relaxin
- Relaxin is a hormone responsible for making the pelvic bones more movable during pregnancy.
- It's related to the wobbling gait and increased risk of falls in pregnant women.
Leg Cramps
- Leg cramps during pregnancy are common due to muscle fatigue and low calcium levels.
- Increasing calcium intake through consuming milk and seafoods, and getting adequate rest, can help alleviate cramps.
###Â Third Trimester Changes
- Ptyalism (excessive salivation) can occur during the third trimester of pregnancy.
- The cause of ptyalism during pregnancy remains unknown.
- Hard candies, chewing gum, and frequent mouthwash can help manage ptyalism.
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