Langman's Chapter 7-9
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the septum transversum during embryonic development?

  • To regulate the flow of blood between the common cardinal vein and the sinus venosus
  • To facilitate the growth of the cranial end of the embryo
  • To separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities (correct)
  • To surround the heart and facilitate the formation of the pericardial cavity

    • Which of the following birth defects is associated with the failure of loops of bowel to return to the body cavity during the 6th to 10th weeks of gestation?

  • Diaphragmatic hernia
  • Spina bifida
  • Omphalocele (correct)
  • Gastroschisis

    • What is the name of the membrane that covers the bowel in an omphalocele?

  • Yolk sac
  • Amnion (correct)
  • Allantois
  • Chorion

    • During which stage of embryonic development does the cranial end of the embryo grow and curve, resulting in the position of the septum transversum?

    <p>Folding of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the normal herniation of loops of bowel into the umbilical cord during the 6th to 10th weeks of gestation?

    <p>Physiological umbilical herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the growth of the head and tail regions in the embryo?

    <p>To cause the embryo to curve into the fetal position, aiding closure of the ventral body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is an exception to the closure of the ventral body wall during embryonic development?

    <p>Connecting stalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mesothelial cells derived from the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm?

    <p>To form the parietal layer of the serous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of gestation does the vitelline duct degenerate?

    <p>Between the second and third months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a failure in the closure of the ventral body wall during embryonic development?

    <p>Birth defects such as gastroschisis or omphalocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures maintains an attachment to the yolk sac as the yolk sac duct?

    <p>Gut tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the failure of the ventral body wall to close?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parietal mesoderm?

    <p>Forming the parietal layer of serous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures surrounds the embryo and extends over the connecting stalk?

    <p>Amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity formed between the visceral and parietal layers of lateral plate mesoderm?

    <p>Primitive body cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of placentas found in monzygotic twins?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of large anastomoses in monzygotic twins?

    <p>Shunting of more blood to one of the partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of twins that are born preterm?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative risk of infant mortality in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies?

    <p>Three times as high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development do the fetal membranes separate into individual amniotic and chorionic cavities?

    <p>2-cell stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormality associated with twin pregnancies?

    <p>Perinatal abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a fused placenta in monzygotic twins?

    <p>Increased risk of preterm delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of monzygotic twins do the embryos have a common placenta, chorionic cavity, and amniotic cavity?

    <p>Type C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the fetal membranes in type B monzygotic twins?

    <p>Common placenta, separate amniotic cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for twin pregnancies?

    <p>Low birth weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of birth defects and congenital malformations?

    <p>Teratology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when there is too much space (fluid accumulation) in the amniotic cavity, as shown by an ultrasound at 7 months' gestation?

    <p>Polyhydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta in terms of protecting the fetus from toxic factors?

    <p>Acts as a barrier to prevent toxins from reaching the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of conjoined twins, how many placentas are present?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a birth defect or congenital malformation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ectopia cordis?

    <p>Failure of the ventral body wall to close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defects is characterized by a cleft in the thoracic wall?

    <p>Ectopia cordis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gastroschisis and omphalocele?

    <p>Location of the defect in the body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting effect of a closure defect in the pelvic region?

    <p>Exposure of the bladder and part of the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a failure of the ventral body wall to close?

    <p>Prevention of the return of the intestinal loops from the umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta during fetal development?

    <p>To facilitate exchange of nutrients and gases between the maternal and fetal compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the second month of fetal development, the trophoblast is characterized by?

    <p>A great number of secondary and tertiary villi, which give it a radial appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the derivative of the fetal component of the placenta?

    <p>Extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the villi that extend from the mesoderm of the chorionic plate to the cytotrophoblast shell?

    <p>Stem villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the increase in surface area between maternal and fetal components during the ninth week of fetal development?

    <p>It enables the exchange of nutrients and gases between the maternal and fetal compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of newborns that have a single umbilical artery and are at risk of having cardiac and vascular defects?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition where there is an excess of amniotic fluid (>1500-2000 mL)?

    <p>Polyhydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of preterm PROM (Premature Rupture of Membranes)?

    <p>Idiopathic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of oligohydramnios on fetal development?

    <p>Lung hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the rupture of the membranes before uterine contractions begin?

    <p>Premature rupture of membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the increase in surface area between maternal and fetal components during fetal development?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal and fetal compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is derived from the extraembryonic mesoderm?

    <p>Chorionic plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the villi in the trophoblast during the second month of fetal development?

    <p>They are numerous and well-formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where there is too much space (fluid accumulation) in the amniotic cavity?

    <p>Polyhydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of birth defects and congenital malformations?

    <p>Teratology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid?

    <p>To absorb jolts and allow for fetal movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the umbilical cord?

    <p>Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fetal membranes in dizygotic twins?

    <p>Two amnions and two chorions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an excessive amount of amniotic fluid?

    <p>Anencephaly and esophageal atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the placenta in providing passive immunity to the fetus?

    <p>Transmission of maternal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the chorionic membranes outside the placenta?

    <p>Velamentous insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spiral arteries that pierce the decidual plate and enter the intervillous spaces?

    <p>To supply oxygen to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the structure that converges towards the umbilical cord and is covered by the chorionic plate?

    <p>Chorionic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that covers the fetal surface of the placenta entirely?

    <p>Chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the umbilical cord being tightly wound around the abdomen?

    <p>Abnormal fetal position in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which viruses such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, and varicella can cross the placental barrier?

    <p>By traversing the placenta without difficulty, similar to most drugs and drug metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of maternal use of heroin and cocaine during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does the amniotic cavity enlarge rapidly at the expense of the chorionic cavity?

    <p>During further development, after the fifth week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the connecting stalk, which passes through the ring during the fifth week of development?

    <p>To contain the allantois and the umbilical vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure that occupies a space in the chorionic cavity, between the amnion and chorionic plate?

    <p>The yolk sac proper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a major malformation in an infant with three or more minor anomalies?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dosage of vitamin A in multivitamins that is considered safe during pregnancy?

    <p>2,000 to 8,000 IU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome caused by the anticonvulsant trimethadione?

    <p>Trimethadione syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial feature is particularly common in the fetal hydantoin syndrome?

    <p>Facial clefts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a major malformation in an infant with one minor anomaly?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsants has a broad spectrum of abnormalities?

    <p>Trimethadione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ear anomalies in prenatal diagnosis?

    <p>They are easily recognizable indicators of other defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of infant mortality in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies?

    <p>Twice as high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of birth defects and congenital malformations?

    <p>Teratology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of taking more than one multivitamin a day during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased risk of birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of birth defects and congenital malformations?

    <p>Teratology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta in protecting the fetus from toxic factors?

    <p>Filtering out toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a fused placenta in monzygotic twins?

    <p>Shared blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a birth defect or congenital malformation?

    <p>Congenital anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of placentas found in monzygotic twins?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the lateral plate mesoderm during the fourth week of embryonic development?

    <p>It splits into two layers: parietal and visceral mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure formed by the fusion of the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm and the underlying endoderm?

    <p>Gut tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the lateral body wall folds meeting in the midline during the fourth week of embryonic development?

    <p>Closure of the ventral body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer of mesoderm that forms the gut tube and is continuous with the visceral layer of extraembryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac?

    <p>Visceral layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure formed by the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm and the overlying ectoderm?

    <p>Somatopleure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the growth of the lateral body wall folds during the fourth week of embryonic development?

    <p>Closure of the ventral body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space created between the parietal and visceral layers of lateral plate mesoderm?

    <p>Primitive body cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the failure of the lateral body wall folds to meet in the midline during the fourth week of embryonic development?

    <p>Failure of the ventral body wall to close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the pleuroperitoneal folds during the seventh week of development?

    <p>To separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

    <p>Abdominal viscera enter the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of congenital diaphragmatic hernias that occur on the left side?

    <p>85-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms the most peripheral part of the diaphragm?

    <p>Rim derived from the body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborns?

    <p>1 in 2,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a failure of one or both of the pleuroperitoneal membranes to close?

    <p>The peritoneal cavity and pleural cavity are continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the opening between the sternal inferior and costal heads of the diaphragm and the esophagus?

    <p>The opening is adjacent to the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the internal surface of the uterus covered by the placenta throughout pregnancy?

    <p>15% to 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the uterine cavity become obliterated by the fusion of the chorion laeve and the decidua parietalis?

    <p>End of the third month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of the placenta at full term?

    <p>15 to 25 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the decidua basalis in relation to the placenta?

    <p>It covers the cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the growth of the placenta?

    <p>Increase in both thickness and surface area of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the placenta at full term?

    <p>500 to 600 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the placenta is expelled from the uterine cavity after birth?

    <p>Afterbirth expulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bulging areas on the maternal side of the placenta?

    <p>Cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the connecting stalk that passes through the ring during the fifth week of development?

    <p>To contain the allantois and the umbilical vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fifth week of development, what structure occupies a space in the chorionic cavity?

    <p>The yolk sac proper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can traverse the placenta without difficulty?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of maternal use of heroin and cocaine during pregnancy?

    <p>Habituation in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During further development, what happens to the amniotic cavity?

    <p>It enlarges rapidly at the expense of the chorionic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rapid growth of the amniotic cavity?

    <p>The formation of the primitive umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the intraembryonic and extraembryonic cavities?

    <p>The canal connecting the intraembryonic and extraembryonic cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the umbilical cord?

    <p>Two arteries and one vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on embryonic and fetal development?

    <p>It does not cause genetic damage and teratogenic effects when used in moderate doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of maternal cocaine use on fetal development?

    <p>It is linked to premature labor and intrauterine growth retardation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difficulty in assessing the effects of cocaine on fetal development?

    <p>Women who use cocaine often use other drugs as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between maternal alcohol ingestion and fetal development?

    <p>There is a well-documented association between maternal alcohol ingestion and congenital abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of phencyclidine (PCP) on embryonic and fetal development?

    <p>There is a lack of conclusive evidence for teratogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of marijuana on embryonic and fetal development?

    <p>There is a lack of conclusive evidence for teratogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tobacco on embryonic and fetal development?

    <p>It is not associated with any malformations or defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality between cocaine and alcohol use during pregnancy?

    <p>They are both used by women who also use other drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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