Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT part of the initial prenatal visit for a pregnant woman?
Which of the following is NOT part of the initial prenatal visit for a pregnant woman?
- Fetal heart tones (correct)
- Physical exam
- Reproductive and sexual history
- Mental health screening
What is the primary purpose of a 1-hour glucose tolerance test during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of a 1-hour glucose tolerance test during pregnancy?
- To evaluate kidney function
- To detect potential gestational diabetes (correct)
- To assess thyroid hormone levels
- To screen for anemia
During pregnancy, a woman might experience conflicting emotions. What are these conflicting emotions often characterized as?
During pregnancy, a woman might experience conflicting emotions. What are these conflicting emotions often characterized as?
- Excitement and disappointment
- Excitement and fear (correct)
- Joy and anger
- Happiness and sadness
Which of these is NOT a stage in establishing a mother's relationship with the fetus?
Which of these is NOT a stage in establishing a mother's relationship with the fetus?
What is the recommended timing for a Group B Strep screen during pregnancy?
What is the recommended timing for a Group B Strep screen during pregnancy?
What factor is considered to be evidence of gestational hypertension?
What factor is considered to be evidence of gestational hypertension?
Which of these is NOT a typical assessment performed during a follow-up prenatal visit?
Which of these is NOT a typical assessment performed during a follow-up prenatal visit?
Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of prenatal care for pregnant women?
Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of prenatal care for pregnant women?
What is the significance of the alpha fetal protein (AFP) test during pregnancy?
What is the significance of the alpha fetal protein (AFP) test during pregnancy?
Which of these is NOT a stage in a father's adjustment to pregnancy?
Which of these is NOT a stage in a father's adjustment to pregnancy?
Which of these signs are considered probable signs of pregnancy?
Which of these signs are considered probable signs of pregnancy?
During which trimester is a Hemoglobin level of 10.5 considered anemic in pregnancy?
During which trimester is a Hemoglobin level of 10.5 considered anemic in pregnancy?
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating milk let-down?
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating milk let-down?
Which of the following hormonal changes is NOT associated with pregnancy?
Which of the following hormonal changes is NOT associated with pregnancy?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for determining the estimated date of birth (EDB)?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for determining the estimated date of birth (EDB)?
According to Naegele's rule, if a woman's last menstrual period (LMP) began on August 10th, what would her estimated due date be?
According to Naegele's rule, if a woman's last menstrual period (LMP) began on August 10th, what would her estimated due date be?
What is the typical duration of a full-term pregnancy?
What is the typical duration of a full-term pregnancy?
Which of these is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
Which of these is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the uterus during the second trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the uterus during the second trimester of pregnancy?
What is the term for the noticeable bluish discoloration of the vaginal mucosa during pregnancy?
What is the term for the noticeable bluish discoloration of the vaginal mucosa during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with supine hypotensive syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with supine hypotensive syndrome?
A pregnant woman complains of frequent nosebleeds. Which physiological change during pregnancy is most likely responsible for this?
A pregnant woman complains of frequent nosebleeds. Which physiological change during pregnancy is most likely responsible for this?
Which of the following is a normal change in the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a normal change in the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy?
What is the name for the dark line that appears down the midline of the abdomen during pregnancy?
What is the name for the dark line that appears down the midline of the abdomen during pregnancy?
Which term describes the separation of the abdominal muscles during pregnancy?
Which term describes the separation of the abdominal muscles during pregnancy?
A pregnant woman experiences frequent headaches and lightheadedness. Which of the following is a possible cause of this?
A pregnant woman experiences frequent headaches and lightheadedness. Which of the following is a possible cause of this?
Which of the following statements is true about the immune system during pregnancy?
Which of the following statements is true about the immune system during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a probable sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a probable sign of pregnancy?
What is the name given to the pre-milk substance produced by the breasts during the first few days after birth?
What is the name given to the pre-milk substance produced by the breasts during the first few days after birth?
What is the term for the soft, easily damaged cervix during pregnancy?
What is the term for the soft, easily damaged cervix during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological change in the respiratory system during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological change in the respiratory system during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a symptom of supine hypotensive syndrome during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a symptom of supine hypotensive syndrome during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a possible cause of pica during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a possible cause of pica during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
What is the recommended daily calorie increase for pregnant women in the second trimester?
What is the recommended daily calorie increase for pregnant women in the second trimester?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for managing heartburn during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for managing heartburn during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach for managing leg cramps during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach for managing leg cramps during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized sign or symptom of a potential pregnancy complication?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized sign or symptom of a potential pregnancy complication?
What is the recommended approach to managing constipation during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach to managing constipation during pregnancy?
Which of the following immunizations is generally safe for pregnant women?
Which of the following immunizations is generally safe for pregnant women?
What is the recommended approach for managing ankle edema during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach for managing ankle edema during pregnancy?
Which of the following describes a common strategy for alleviating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
Which of the following describes a common strategy for alleviating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach for managing urinary frequency during pregnancy?
What is the recommended approach for managing urinary frequency during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with smoking during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with smoking during pregnancy?
What is the recommended weight gain for a woman who has a normal BMI during pregnancy?
What is the recommended weight gain for a woman who has a normal BMI during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with adolescent pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with adolescent pregnancy?
What is the recommended weight gain per week for a woman who is obese during pregnancy?
What is the recommended weight gain per week for a woman who is obese during pregnancy?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a multifetal pregnancy?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a multifetal pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with advanced maternal age in pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with advanced maternal age in pregnancy?
A patient presents with a history of one pregnancy resulting in a live birth at 38 weeks gestation. Using the GTPAL system, how would you document this patient's obstetrical history?
A patient presents with a history of one pregnancy resulting in a live birth at 38 weeks gestation. Using the GTPAL system, how would you document this patient's obstetrical history?
A patient presents to the clinic with a positive urine pregnancy test. Which of the following statements regarding this test is TRUE?
A patient presents to the clinic with a positive urine pregnancy test. Which of the following statements regarding this test is TRUE?
A patient presents with a history of two pregnancies, both resulting in live births at 39 and 40 weeks gestation. Using the G/P system, how would you document this patient's obstetrical history?
A patient presents with a history of two pregnancies, both resulting in live births at 39 and 40 weeks gestation. Using the G/P system, how would you document this patient's obstetrical history?
A patient has a quantitative serum hCG level of 500 mIU/mL. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this elevated level?
A patient has a quantitative serum hCG level of 500 mIU/mL. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this elevated level?
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding pregnancy-related physiological changes?
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding pregnancy-related physiological changes?
Flashcards
Gravida
Gravida
The total number of pregnancies a patient has had.
Para
Para
The number of pregnancies reaching at least 20 weeks.
GTPAL
GTPAL
An acronym to categorize pregnancies: Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living children.
hCG Testing
hCG Testing
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False Positives/Negatives
False Positives/Negatives
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Adolescent Pregnancy Risks
Adolescent Pregnancy Risks
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Advanced Maternal Age Risks
Advanced Maternal Age Risks
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Multifetal Pregnancy Issues
Multifetal Pregnancy Issues
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Weight Gain Recommendations (Normal BMI)
Weight Gain Recommendations (Normal BMI)
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Weight Gain for Obese Mothers
Weight Gain for Obese Mothers
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Presumptive signs
Presumptive signs
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Probable signs
Probable signs
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Positive signs
Positive signs
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Physiologic anemia in pregnancy
Physiologic anemia in pregnancy
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Naegele's Rule
Naegele's Rule
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Pituitary hormones in pregnancy
Pituitary hormones in pregnancy
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Placental hormones
Placental hormones
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Trimester Definitions
Trimester Definitions
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Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
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Caloric Intake in Pregnancy
Caloric Intake in Pregnancy
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Kegel Exercises
Kegel Exercises
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Oral Health in Pregnancy
Oral Health in Pregnancy
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Moderate Physical Activity
Moderate Physical Activity
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Complications Recognition
Complications Recognition
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Heartburn Relief
Heartburn Relief
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Constipation Solutions
Constipation Solutions
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Urinary Frequency Management
Urinary Frequency Management
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Travel Guidelines
Travel Guidelines
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Maternal Acceptance of Pregnancy
Maternal Acceptance of Pregnancy
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Father's Role in Pregnancy
Father's Role in Pregnancy
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Benefits of Prenatal Care
Benefits of Prenatal Care
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Initial Prenatal Visit Components
Initial Prenatal Visit Components
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Gestational Hypertension
Gestational Hypertension
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Fetal Assessment Parameters
Fetal Assessment Parameters
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1-Hour Glucose Tolerance Test
1-Hour Glucose Tolerance Test
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Group B Strep Screening
Group B Strep Screening
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Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
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Genetic Screening in Pregnancy
Genetic Screening in Pregnancy
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Uterine Position Changes
Uterine Position Changes
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Cervical Changes
Cervical Changes
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Chadwick's Sign
Chadwick's Sign
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Montgomery Tubercles
Montgomery Tubercles
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Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
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Blood Volume Increase
Blood Volume Increase
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Chloasma
Chloasma
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Linea Nigra
Linea Nigra
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Increased GFR
Increased GFR
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Striae Gravidarum
Striae Gravidarum
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Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Musculoskeletal Changes
Musculoskeletal Changes
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False Contractions
False Contractions
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Hypercoagulable State
Hypercoagulable State
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Study Notes
Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Determining Gravida and Para: Gravida is the total number of pregnancies, Para is number of pregnancies reaching 20 weeks. GTPAL and G/P used for recording.
- Pregnancy Tests: Quantitative serum testing (measures hCG in blood) is highly accurate. Qualitative hCG testing (measures hCG in urine) is less precise. hCG detectable in urine/blood 7-8 days before expected period, doubling every few days. High hCG linked to Down's syndrome, multiple gestations. Low hCG linked to ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage. False positives can occur with certain medications.
- Uterus Changes: Uterus size, shape, and position change due to elevated estrogen and progesterone.
- Uteroplacental Blood Flow: Blood flow through uterine arteries to the placenta increases as pregnancy progresses.
Body System Changes
- CV System: Blood volume increases 40-45%, Cardiac output 30-50% to compensate for blood loss during delivery and postpartum. Supine hypotensive syndrome is a possible effect in later stages- caused by baby position and pressure on vena cava.
- Respiratory System: Maternal oxygen consumption increases, estrogen increases vascularity in upper respiratory tract causing congestion and nosebleeds. Mild hyperventilation normal in pregnancy.
- GI System: Nausea/vomiting (N/V) peaks during early pregnancy (8-12 weeks). Pica occurs in pregnancy, meaning cravings for non-food items. Increased progesterone causes decreased smooth muscle motility leading to constipation.
- Renal System: Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Risk for UTIs increased during pregnancy.
- Integumentary System: Hyperpigmentation (chloasma or melasma). Stretch marks (striae gravidarum). Spider veins (angiomas).
- Musculoskeletal System: Center of gravity shifts forward, lordosis develops. Diastasis recti (separation of abdominal muscles).
- Neurologic System: Headaches may be related to hormonal shifts. Carpal tunnel syndrome a possibility late in pregnancy due to swelling.
- Immune System: Pregnancy has a complex relationship with the immune system to allow for the acceptance of a fetus which is genetically different, and mother's role in preventing infection while not rejecting the fetus.
Screening
- Prenatal Care: Screening tests for infectious diseases and metabolic conditions are common.
- Follow up Visit: Physical exam (HTN) and lab work such as glucose tolerance tests to measure blood sugar levels. Detecting group B strep infection of which treatment can be provided during delivery. Various screenings including quad screens and ultrasounds.
- Fetal Assesment: Include gestational age, fetal heart tones, and fundal height assessments
Additional
- Pregnancy Signs: Presumptive (felt by woman), Probable (observed by doctor), Positive (only detected by fetus).
- Estimating Due Date: Naegele's rule calculates the estimated due date (EDD) based on the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Ultrasound measurements of the embryo's size can be more accurate.
- Prenatal Care Strategies: The chapter also includes information on strategies for confirming pregnancy and discussing important considerations such as maternal weight gain. Women with low or high BMI need tailored weight gain recommendations to support healthy pregnancy outcome.
Important considerations during pregnancy
- Pregnancy hormones: Important hormones involved including Prolactin, Oxytocin, Estrogen and progesterone are briefly mentioned and their functions are touched upon..
- Nutritional considerations: Important to consume nutritious foods and appropriate calories for the stages of pregnancy, including increased calorie consumption during the third trimesters as well as maintaining a healthy weight gain range for each BMI group.
- Physical activities: Important to maintain healthy postural and physical activity routines during pregnancy.
- Preventative care: Health professionals should perform necessary preventative care to mitigate risks during pregnancy.
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