35 Questions
What does the null hypothesis state?
No difference exists between groups
What does a Type I error (false positive) involve?
Rejecting null hypothesis incorrectly
What does a Type II error (false negative) involve?
Accepting null hypothesis incorrectly
What does the power of a test indicate?
Probability of rejecting null hypothesis correctly
What does a P value of 0.01 indicate?
1% chance of Type I error
When does a test have a sufficiently powered indication?
Power ≥ 0.8
What is the purpose of the Time out before incision according to the JCAHO protocol?
Verifying patient, procedure, position site + side, and availability of implants or special requirements
What is the main purpose of the GAP protection technique mentioned in the text?
Preventing loss of information and error due to gaps in care
What is the definition of a Sentinel Event according to JCAHO?
An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious injury, or the risk thereof, resulting in root cause analysis
What are the key elements of the JCAHO prevention protocol for wrong site/procedure/patient?
Preop verification, operative site and side marking, time out before incision, promoting culture of safety
What are the risk factors for retained objects after surgery according to the JCAHO protocol?
Emergency procedure, unplanned change in procedure, obesity, towel used for closure
What is the primary emphasis of the JCAHO protocol for prevention of wrong site/procedure/patient occurrences?
Promoting culture of safety
Which statistical test compares means for 3 or more groups?
ANOVA
What does sensitivity measure in a diagnostic test?
Likelihood a diseased person will test positive
In a retrospective study, what type of bias is commonly observed?
Selection and recall bias
Which statistical test analyzes the influence of 2 or more independent variables on a numerical outcome?
Multiple linear regression
What does specificity measure in a diagnostic test?
Likelihood a person without disease will test negative
What does incidence measure in epidemiology?
Number of new cases diagnosed over a certain time frame
Which type of study compares those with a risk factor to those without and looks at disease rate?
Cohort study
'Low SD' in statistical terms indicates that:
Values are close to the mean
'Mode' in a set of data refers to:
7
'Prospective study' involves:
'Data is collected going forward for a patient population and analyzed at a future date'
What is the most significant learning from conducting single-blinded RCT?
Patient and doctor are blinded to treatment
What does Propensity score matched study do?
For a population with the same disease, matches a known treatment group and an artificially generated control group
What is the formula for Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
true-positives / (true-positives + false-positives)
What does the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) show?
Trade-off between sensitivity and specificity
What is the probability of adverse outcome known as?
Absolute risk
What does the term 'odds ratio' compare?
Odds of outcome in exposed group to odds of outcome in unexposed group
What does a confidence interval indicate?
Range of values where there is a 95% probability the true value exists within it
What does relative risk reduction measure?
Decrease in probability of outcome in treatment group compared to no treatment group
What is lead time bias concerned with?
Earlier diagnosis making it look like patients are living longer
How is detection bias (observer bias) solved?
(Solved with assessor blinding to patient’s status)
What does National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) do?
Collects outcome data to measure and improve surgical quality; outcomes are reported as observed/expected ratios.
How is absolute risk reduction calculated?
By subtracting the risk of an outcome in the treatment group from the risk in the control group.
What does selection bias involve?
Selecting patients in a nonrandomized way.
Test your knowledge of predictive values (PPV and NPV) and accuracy in diagnostic testing with this quiz. Explore the concepts of true-positives, false-positives, true-negatives, and false-negatives in determining the likelihood that a patient actually has or does not have a disease based on test results.
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