Take the Entropy Quiz: Predict Entropy Change Easily

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Questions and Answers

What does the property entropy (S) represent in thermodynamics?

The irreversible heat (qirr) of a process

The spontaneous heat flow accompanying a process (correct)

The equilibrium temperature (Teq) of a process

The reversible heat (qrev) of a process

In thermodynamics, what is a reversible process?

A process that takes place at a very high temperature

A process that takes place at such a slow rate that it is always at equilibrium (correct)

A process that involves a large amount of irreversible heat

A process that takes place with no change in entropy

What does the ratio of the reversible heat (qrev) and the kelvin temperature (T) express in thermodynamics?

A new thermodynamic property named entropy (S) (correct)

The irreversible heat flow accompanying a process

The equilibrium temperature of a process

The reversible nature of a process

What does the change in entropy for any process depend on?

The initial and final states of the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy change for a real, irreversible process equal to?

That for the theoretical reversible process involving the same initial and final states Signup and view all the answers

What kind of processes are classified as irreversible in thermodynamics?

All real processes, as no real processes are truly reversible Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of relationships between the energy and work associated with chemical and physical processes called?

Thermodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What causes larger volumes of water to forcefully eject steam and water in a geyser eruption?

Decrease in pressure Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of thermodynamics is concerned with the heat accompanying chemical reactions and phase transitions?

Thermochemistry Signup and view all the answers

What principle is demonstrated by the dramatic display of geysers in nature?

Spontaneity Signup and view all the answers

Which law of thermodynamics relates to the concept of entropy?

Second Law Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of thermodynamics provides the predictive ability to determine if a process will occur under specific conditions?

Thermochemistry Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy change for the process of freezing?

ΔSfreezing = −22.1 J/K Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does the system show spontaneous behavior?

−10.00 °C Signup and view all the answers

What is the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at 0 K?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

What are standard entropies (S°) for?

For one mole of substance under standard conditions Signup and view all the answers

What does the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid represent at 0 K?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

What does the Boltzmann equation state about the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid at 0 K?

The entropy is zero Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between temperature and entropy change when liquid water is heated from room temperature to 50 °C?

Positive; temperature increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the sign of the entropy change for the freezing of liquid water?

Negative; The liquid becomes a more ordered solid. Signup and view all the answers

What property has been identified as a reliable predictor for the spontaneity of a process?

Entropy Signup and view all the answers

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics aim to predict?

The spontaneity of a process Signup and view all the answers

In which process is there a net increase in the amount of gaseous species, leading to a positive entropy change?

The relatively ordered solid becoming a gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the entropy change and the number of ions in solution when a solid dissolves to give an increase of mobile ions in solution?

Positive; temperature increases Signup and view all the answers

What does kinetic-molecular theory state about the relationship between temperature and the average kinetic energy of particles?

The temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of its particles Signup and view all the answers

How do the vibrations of particles in solids and translations of particles in liquids and gases change with an increase in temperature?

They become more extensive in solids and more rapid in liquids and gases Signup and view all the answers

How does the distribution of kinetic energies among the atoms or molecules of a substance change at higher temperatures?

The distribution becomes broader at higher temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the entropy of a substance with an increase in temperature?

The entropy increases with an increase in temperature Signup and view all the answers

How does the entropy of a substance change during a phase transition?

The entropy increases significantly during a phase transition Signup and view all the answers

In atomic substances, why do heavier atoms possess greater entropy at a given temperature than lighter atoms?

Due to the relation between a particle’s mass and the spacing of quantized translational energy levels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Entropy in Thermodynamics

Entropy (S) represents the disorder or randomness of a system.
The change in entropy for any process depends on the initial and final states of the system.

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

A reversible process is one in which the system and surroundings can return to their initial states.
The entropy change for a real, irreversible process is equal to the reversible heat (qrev) divided by the Kelvin temperature (T).
Irreversible processes are those that cannot return to their initial states, such as friction, heat transfer, and mixing.

Thermodynamics and Energy

Thermodynamics is the study of relationships between energy and work associated with chemical and physical processes.
The aspect of thermodynamics concerned with the heat accompanying chemical reactions and phase transitions is thermochemistry.

Geyser Eruptions

Larger volumes of water forcefully eject steam and water in a geyser eruption due to increased pressure and temperature.

Laws of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics relates to the concept of entropy.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics aims to predict the spontaneity of a process based on the entropy change.

Entropy and Temperature

The entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at 0 K is zero.
Standard entropies (S°) are used to compare the entropy of different substances.
The entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid at 0 K represents the perfect order of its molecular structure.
The Boltzmann equation states that the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid at 0 K is proportional to the logarithm of the number of possible microstates.

Phase Transitions

The entropy change for the process of freezing is negative.
The system shows spontaneous behavior at a temperature above 0 K.
The entropy change during a phase transition is positive for melting and negative for freezing.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

The kinetic-molecular theory states that the average kinetic energy of particles is directly proportional to the temperature.
The vibrations of particles in solids and translations of particles in liquids and gases increase with an increase in temperature.
The distribution of kinetic energies among the atoms or molecules of a substance broadens at higher temperatures.

Entropy and Temperature

The entropy of a substance increases with an increase in temperature.
The entropy of a substance changes during a phase transition, with a positive change for melting and a negative change for freezing.

Atomic Substances

Heavier atoms possess greater entropy at a given temperature than lighter atoms due to their larger size and more complex molecular structure.

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Test your knowledge on predicting the sign of entropy change for different processes. Choose the correct reason for your prediction.

Predicting Entropy Change Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the property entropy (S) represent in thermodynamics?

In thermodynamics, what is a reversible process?

What does the ratio of the reversible heat (qrev) and the kelvin temperature (T) express in thermodynamics?

What does the change in entropy for any process depend on?

What is the entropy change for a real, irreversible process equal to?

What kind of processes are classified as irreversible in thermodynamics?

What is the study of relationships between the energy and work associated with chemical and physical processes called?

What causes larger volumes of water to forcefully eject steam and water in a geyser eruption?

What aspect of thermodynamics is concerned with the heat accompanying chemical reactions and phase transitions?

What principle is demonstrated by the dramatic display of geysers in nature?

Which law of thermodynamics relates to the concept of entropy?

What aspect of thermodynamics provides the predictive ability to determine if a process will occur under specific conditions?

What is the entropy change for the process of freezing?

At what temperature does the system show spontaneous behavior?

What is the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at 0 K?

What are standard entropies (S°) for?

What does the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid represent at 0 K?

What does the Boltzmann equation state about the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid at 0 K?

What is the relationship between temperature and entropy change when liquid water is heated from room temperature to 50 °C?

What is the sign of the entropy change for the freezing of liquid water?

What property has been identified as a reliable predictor for the spontaneity of a process?

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics aim to predict?

In which process is there a net increase in the amount of gaseous species, leading to a positive entropy change?

What is the relationship between the entropy change and the number of ions in solution when a solid dissolves to give an increase of mobile ions in solution?

What does kinetic-molecular theory state about the relationship between temperature and the average kinetic energy of particles?

How do the vibrations of particles in solids and translations of particles in liquids and gases change with an increase in temperature?

How does the distribution of kinetic energies among the atoms or molecules of a substance change at higher temperatures?

What happens to the entropy of a substance with an increase in temperature?

How does the entropy of a substance change during a phase transition?

In atomic substances, why do heavier atoms possess greater entropy at a given temperature than lighter atoms?

Study Notes

Entropy in Thermodynamics

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Thermodynamics and Energy

Geyser Eruptions

Laws of Thermodynamics

Entropy and Temperature

Phase Transitions

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Entropy and Temperature

Atomic Substances

Studying That Suits You

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