Health Promotion Exam

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Questions and Answers

Match the descriptors to their appropriate phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.

Phase 1 and Phase 2 = Social Assessment, Epidemiological assessment Phase 3 and Phase 4 = Educational and Ecological Assessment,Health Program and Policy development Phase 5 and Phase 6 = Formative evaluation and implementation, Process evaluation Phase 7 and Phase 8 = Impact evaluation, Outcome evaluation

Which phase involves assessing the quality of the program input and interventions to ensure they are proceeding as planned?

Social Assessment

Outcome Evaluation

Process Evaluation (correct)

Impact Evaluation

Which phase focuses on identifying and prioritizing behavioral and environmental risk factors associated with the health issue?

Educational and Ecological Assessment

Impact Evaluation

Epidemiological Assessment (correct)

Social Assessment

Determining whether the long-term goals of the health program are being achieved is the primary aim of which phase?

Outcome Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Which phase includes the identification of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that can affect behavior and lifestyle?

Educational and Ecological Assessment Signup and view all the answers

Selecting and aligning program strategies, interventions, and funding occurs in which phase?

Health Program and Policy development Signup and view all the answers

What is a key objective of the social justice principle in health promotion?

To reduce health disparities through fair distribution of resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the empowerment principle in health promotion?

Enabling individuals and communities to gain control over their health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the participation principle in health promotion?

To involve individuals and communities in health promotion activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the equity principle in health promotion?

Achieving equal health outcomes by addressing unfair and avoidable differences in health status Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of the holistic view of health principle in health promotion?

The interconnectedness of physical, mental, social, and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy for achieving social justice in health promotion?

Implementing policies that address social determinants of health Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

To outline fundamental principles for promoting health globally Signup and view all the answers

How many core principles does the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion outline?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the year in which the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was established?

1986 Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 core principles of the Ottowa Charter?

Social __, _, _, _, __________ of health

Justice, Empowerment, Participation, Equity, Holistic view Signup and view all the answers

Health promotion involves tackling the _______ of health;

determinants Signup and view all the answers

The key principles of Health Promotion are:

The involvement of whole __, in the context of everyday life, enabling people to _ of, and _ for their ; Tackling the _ of health; Using a range of different, but complementary methods from legislation, _, and __ to education and _; Effective – may result in individual or community __.

populations, control, responsibility, health, determinants, policy, community development, communication, capacity Signup and view all the answers

Three key strategies of the Ottawa Charter:

Enable, Advocate, Mediate Signup and view all the answers

The 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter are:

Build Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Actions, Develop Personal Skills, Reorient Health Services

True Signup and view all the answers

Ecological models of health behaviour only consider the influence of intrapersonal factors on a person’s health behaviours.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion outlines six core principles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Health promotion involves tackling the benefits of health.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion only focuses on individual health actions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Ecological models of health behaviour consider five levels of influence on health behaviours.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of influence in ecological models of health behaviour?

Cultural factors Signup and view all the answers

How many levels of influence do ecological models of health behaviour recognise?

5 Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of influence with their descriptions:

Intrapersonal/individual factors = Factors related to an individual's personal characteristics and behavior Interpersonal factors = Factors related to social interactions and relationships Organisational factors = Factors related to policies and practices within institutions and organizations Community factors = Factors related to social norms and community values Signup and view all the answers

Match the principles of health promotion with their descriptions:

Social justice = Focus on reducing health inequities Empowerment = Focus on enabling people to take control of their health Equity = Focus on promoting fairness and equal opportunities Holistic view of health = Focus on considering the whole person in health promotion Signup and view all the answers

Match the action areas of the Ottawa Charter with their descriptions:

Build Healthy Public Policy = Area focused on creating policies that promote health Create Supportive Environments = Area focused on creating environments that support health Strengthen Community Actions = Area focused on empowering communities to take action for health Develop Personal Skills = Area focused on enabling individuals to make healthy choices Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of influence with their corresponding examples:

Intrapersonal/individual factors = Personal characteristics and behavior Interpersonal factors = Social interactions and relationships Organisational factors = Policies and practices within institutions Public policy = Laws and regulations affecting health behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Match the key features of ecological models of health behaviour with their descriptions:

Levels of influence = Multiple levels of influence on health behaviours Intrapersonal factors = Only individual factors are considered Environmental factors = Only environmental factors are considered Multi-level approach = Considering multiple levels of influence on health behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Match the PRECEDE-PROCEED model phase with its description:

Phase 1 = Social Assessment Phase 3 = Educational and Ecological Assessment Phase 5 = Formative evaluation and implementation Phase 8 = Outcome Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Match the phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model with its objective:

Phase 2 = Identifying and prioritizing health issues Phase 4 = Developing health programs and policies Phase 6 = Evaluating the process of program implementation Phase 7 = Assessing the intermediate effects of the program Signup and view all the answers

Match each phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to the type of evaluation it conducts:

Phase 1 = Social Evaluation Phase 5 = Formative Evaluation Phase 6 = Process Evaluation Phase 7 = Impact Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding phases in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model:

Phase 1 = Assessment of social issues and quality of life Phase 2 = Determination of health problems and causes Phase 4 = Selection of strategies and funding for intervention Phase 8 = Long-term assessment of program outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements to their appropriate phases in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model:

Phase 3 = Identifying educational needs and ecological factors Phase 5 = Planning and program implementation Phase 6 = Monitoring the progress of the program Phase 8 = Evaluating the final results achieved by the program Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model involves the initial assessment of the social factors affecting the health issue?

Phase 1 Signup and view all the answers

The phase that prioritizes behavioral and environmental risk factors associated with the health issue is known as:

Epidemiological Assessment Signup and view all the answers

In which phase are interventions and programs implemented according to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?

Phase 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is concerned with the identification of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors affecting health behavior?

Phase 3 Signup and view all the answers

In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, which phase aims to determine the final outcomes and benefits of the health program over a long period?

Outcome Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a rationale in research?

To offer reasons for conducting more research into a specific subject Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is NOT mentioned as a focus for developing a rationale?

Field research Signup and view all the answers

Why is developing a rationale considered a key element in planning health promotion programs?

It assists in gaining support from decision-makers who provide resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate aim of gaining the support of decision-makers for health promotion programs?

To provide resources for the program Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of research mentioned as a reason for developing a rationale?

Exploratory research Signup and view all the answers

A rationale is only necessary for experimental research.

False Signup and view all the answers

The development of a rationale is crucial for gaining support from decision makers.

True Signup and view all the answers

A rationale is not essential in planning health promotion programs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Creating a rationale helps to provide reasons for conducting further research into a subject.

True Signup and view all the answers

A rationale solely focuses on experimental research and excludes other forms of research.

False Signup and view all the answers

A health promotion program rationale should provide the ___ for the _ and/or _. It provides the evidence - data on disability, morbidity, mortality and trends. The rationale may also outline the and _ or of health-related problems. It may also outline _ both direct/tangible ($) and indirect/nontangible (non-monetary e.g. psychological cost) It requires a review of the literature, statistics and published reports

justification, health issue, target group, epidemiological, risk factors, protective factors or determinants, costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a needs assessment in health promotion planning?

To identify and understand the health needs of a population Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the 'Understand Determinants' phase of a needs assessment?

Exploring the factors contributing to health issues, including social, economic, environmental, and behavioral determinants Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of engaging stakeholders in the needs assessment process?

To ensure that interventions are relevant, culturally appropriate, and have community support Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a well-conducted needs assessment?

Creation of more effective and sustainable health promotion strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the 'Identify Health Priorities' phase of a needs assessment?

Determining the most pressing health issues affecting the target population Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a needs assessment in health promotion planning?

To inform decision-making on how to allocate resources efficiently Signup and view all the answers

The two planning frameworks in health promotion are the PABCAR and Logic models.

True Signup and view all the answers

PABCAR stands for:

_______ cost, epidemiology, evidence, _: to change (can you fix it? how do you know?), Intervention _ are greater than Costs (social, ethical, economic, efficacy), for the interventions, Actions ______

Problem, Amendable, Benefits, Acceptance, Recommended Signup and view all the answers

Logic Model map out _: the resources, contributions and investments that go into the program. : the activities, services, events and products that reach the target audience. : the results or changes for individuals, groups, communities, organisations or systems. ____: the environment in which the program exists that includes external factors that interact with and influence the program.

Inputs, Outputs, Outcomes, External Factors Signup and view all the answers

Match the PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym components with their descriptions:

PREDISPOSING = Policy, Regulatory, and Organisational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development REINFORCING = Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation ENABLING = Enabling Constructs in Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation POLICY = Reinforcing Constructs in Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model with their primary objectives:

PRECEDE = Implementing and evaluating program strategies and interventions PROCEED = Evaluating the long-term goals of the health program Signup and view all the answers

Match the Ottawa Charter action areas with their descriptions:

Build Healthy Public Policy = Developing policies that promote healthy living Create Supportive Environments = Strengthening community actions for health promotion Strengthen Community Actions = Building healthy public policy Reorient Health Services = Providing health services that support healthy living Signup and view all the answers

The PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym stands for:

PRECEDE: ____, _ and _ in _ _ and _ • PROCEED: , , and __ _ in __ and _ _____ (includes evaluation)

The PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym stands for: PRECEDE: Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling, Constructs, Ecological, Diagnosis, Evaluation Policy, Regulatory, Organisational, Constructs, Educational, Environmental, Development Signup and view all the answers

A common flaw in program planning is designing strategies before writing a goal & objectives

True Signup and view all the answers

Summary of PRECEDE

Phase 1: Social assessment = Identify the problems in the community How serious is the problem? Phase 2:Epidemiological behavioural & environmental assessment = Identify priority problems & target groups Identify the major risk factors/issues that we need to target Which behaviour/environmental issues are involved? Importance and changeability Phase 3: Educational & Organisational assessment = Identify the contributing factors and behavioural models of relevance Phase 4:Health Program and Policy Assessment = Interventions/Strategy Selection Which combination of HP interventions might change the risk factors and their behaviour? Signup and view all the answers

PRECEDE (Phases 1 - 4) Phase 1: Social assessment: •__ with community/stakeholders. • of individual/community health problems, needs, aspirations, resources, barriers. • General consideration of . • , such as achievement, comfort, crime, crowding, happiness, performance, self-esteem, unemployment, welfare. • Data collection (_)

Consultation, Subjective analysis, quality of life, Social indicators, Needs assessment Signup and view all the answers

Phase 2: Epidemiological, behavioural & environmental assessment:

• data (mortality, morbidity, DALYs) • prevalence, incidence, distribution of health problem, DALYs • and assessment • Analysis of behavioural and environmental links identified in the epi/social assessment • Consider genetic, behavioural & environmental influences • (behavioural and environmental factors) • prioritise by and __

Epidemiological,Assess, Behavioural, environmental, Risk factors, importance, changeability Signup and view all the answers

Phase 2; literature review

Provide information on = factors contributing to the health issue Provide information on = types of interventions that have already been deliver/evaluated Search relevant literature = journal articles, case studies, government and non-government reports and databases End point of phase 2 = discrete set of risk factors that are critical in the planning process as it links explicitly to a program’s objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Phase 3:Educational and organisational assessment

Phase 3:Educational and organisational assessment = e identifies those factors that have impact on the target group’s behavioural & environmental risk factors. predisposing = knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values and perceptions that facilitate or hinder motivation for change enabling = skills, resources or barriers and policy that can help or hinder the desired behaviour as well as environmental changes reinforcing = reward or punish the carrying out of a behaviour or maintenance of a situation Signup and view all the answers

Phase 4: Health Program & Policy Development

Selection = strategies for intervention Formalising = plan, timetable, assignment of resources/responsibilities, budget Assessing = availability of resources (eg funding, personnel, community support);organisational barriers & facilitators for program Identifying = settings in which your program may occur Signup and view all the answers

PROCEED; Phase 5 to 8

Phase 5 = Process evaluation Phase 6 = Short-term evaluation Phase 7 = Intermediate evaluation Phase 8 = Long-term evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Health Needs Assessment definition: “A __ procedure for the and _ of _ in a _, the and factors to those needs and the human, organisational and community _ which are available to respond to these.”

Systematic, determining, nature, extent, health needs, population, causes, contributing, resources Signup and view all the answers

Why do we need to conduct a needs assessment?

Identifies = barriers to and limitations of program prior to implementation Collection of = baseline data for evaluation Allows = target groups to establish connection & ownership of a program Identifies = the program goal and objectives Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of need indicators?

Normative need = expert opinion defines something as a ‘need’ Felt need = (wants, wishes, desires) an opinion of the community Expressed need = observed by or determined from the community i.e. felt need turned into action Comparative need = comparing one place to another Signup and view all the answers

The needs assessment provides the opportunity to

Learn = the needs and priorities of the consumers, target group & local community group Find = areas of unmet needs and suggest a clear goal to work to these needs Make = decisions about how to use resources to improve health of a population Influence = policy-making, collaboration between agencies, or priority development and research Signup and view all the answers

WHO – 9 step model for undertaking a Needs Assessment:

Step 1: _______ to carry out the needs assessment

Step 2: to assess what information is _ and what ______

Step 3: Making about appropriate _

Step 4: _ a and plan

Step 5 : and _ needs assessment team

Step 6: _

Step7: _

Step 8: the analysis to priority needs, strategies and resources

Step 9: the ____ of the needs assessment to agencies and communities involved

Deciding when to, Reviewing available data, already available, needs to be collected , decisions, data collection, Developing, concrete, realistic, Identifying, training, Collecting data, Analysing data, Interpreting, pinpoint, Reporting, results Signup and view all the answers

Needs assessment benefits:

contributes to the quality and effectiveness of programs, policies and services = ensuring they are relevant, practical, practical, credible, appropriate facilitate more prevention and early intervention work = services, policies and programs being less reactive process of the needs assessment = build relationships among stakeholders, build support for action, leads to citizen empowerment support evaluation = understanding community needs means we can measure whether those needs have been met or not. Signup and view all the answers

A needs assessment is NOT an important component in an evidence-informed approach

False Signup and view all the answers

What methods to use for a needs assessment

Quantitative methods = research methods rely on numbers and counting and are likely to include population-level administrative data such as demographic data Qualitative methods = research methods to understand health needs, obtain in-depth info about feelings, perceptions, experience do not rely on numbers Mixed-methods = use of both Good = job Signup and view all the answers

Needs assessment methods: • Use of _______ • _ and questionnaires • ________ • In depth _ (one-on one) • _ groups • ____________ methods e.g. photo voice

existing data, Survey, Observations and audits, interviewing, Focus, Community based Signup and view all the answers

Needs Assessment; Identifying the health problem

<ol> <li>Consultation = talk to groups in community</li> <li>Data collection = mixed methods</li> <li>Presentation = of findings</li> <li>Determining = priorities</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The criteria for determining priorities in a needs assessment (4 main; 3 additional):

Prevalence, Severity, Selectivity (who does it affect), Amenability to intervention, likely future trend in absence of action, level of current preventive efforts, community and political support for action Signup and view all the answers

The criteria for determining priorities in a needs assessment (4 main; 3 additional): ___, _, (who does it affect), to intervention; likely in _ of action, level of efforts, and ____ support for action.

Prevalence, Severity, Selectivity, Amenability, future trend, absence, current preventive, community, political Signup and view all the answers

Selection the definition of Health Promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health. It moves beyond a focus of individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental strategies Signup and view all the answers

Define theory

a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relationships, in order to explain or predict the event or situation Signup and view all the answers

Constructs or concepts are the major components of a theory they are its building blocks.

True Signup and view all the answers

Models draw on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context.

True Signup and view all the answers

Behaviour change occurs at ____ levels?

Individual, group, population Signup and view all the answers

health promotion theories and their levels

Individual level = Health Belief Model Individual level = Stages of Change (TTM) Group/interpersonal = Social Cognitive Theory theories correspond with = Phase 2 and 3 of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model Signup and view all the answers

Health Belief model is used to ____ and _ of health-related behaviours. It is good for __ _ that evoke health concerns. It is a useful _ __________ for both short-term and long-term behaviour change programs. It is important to have a good understanding of the target group e.g. how susceptible to the health problem do they feel? Do they believe it is serious? Do they believe action can reduce the threat at an acceptable cost?

explain, change, maintenance, addressing, problem, behaviours, guiding, framework Signup and view all the answers

The HBM assumes that behaviour change occurs when 3 ideas exist at the same time:

perceived susceptibility & severity = An individual recognises there is enough reason to make a health concern relevant perceived threat = That the person understands he or she may be vulnerable to a disease or a negative health outcome perceived benefits and barriers = Lastly, the individual realises behavior change can be beneficial and the benefits will outweigh any costs of doing so Good = Job Signup and view all the answers

Health Belief Model - constructs

Perceived susceptibility,Perceived severity = A person’s subjective perception of the risk of contracting a particular condition or illness e.g. a women must believe there is a possibility of getting breast cancer before she will go for mammography,Beliefs/feelings about seriousness of contracting a condition & its consequences physical e.g. death or pain and social e.g. effects on work and family. The combination of susceptibility and seriousness has been labelled as ‘perceived threat’ Perceived benefits, Perceived Barriers = Beliefs about perceived benefits of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness. Get a diagnosis early – successful treatment Peace of mind Non-health related – peace of mind, Beliefs about material & psychological costs of taking action, ie potential negative aspects of a health action “it could help but it may be expensive” . Mamogram can be painful Cues to action = Factors that activate or trigger actions = “readiness to change” often HP strategies; ad on TV; a billboard; a friend saying go and get checked Self efficacy = Confidence in ability to take action. Self-efficacy was not included in early versions of HBM. It was added in 1988. People must feel themselves competent to overcome perceived barriers to take action Signup and view all the answers

Potential Application HBM –strategy choice

Perceived susceptibility/Perceived severity = Define populations(s) at risk & level of risk, Help individual develop accurate perception of own risk/ Specify consequences of condition & recommended action Perceived benefits/ Perceived barriers = Explain how, where & when to take action & potential positive results/ Offer reassurance, incentives, & assistance; correct misinformation Cues to action = Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, & employ reminder systems Self-efficacy = Provide training/guidance in action, Use progressive goal setting, Give verbal reinforcement, Demonstrate desired behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Five Stages of Change

Pre-contemplation = Happy user; unaware of the problem Contemplation = Fence sitter; Aware of the problem and of the desired behaviour change Preparation/ Action = Rehearser;Making a plan – intends to take action/ Performer;Implements the plan, practices the desired behaviour Maintenance = Stayer;Continuation of desirable action, works to sustain the behaviour change Signup and view all the answers

Strategies to support change using the Stages of Change constructs

Pre-Contemplation = Increase awareness of need for change;Encourage thinking about change; discuss feelings and perceptions towards the issue; personalise information on risks & benefits Contemplation = motivate and increase confidence in ability to change;Encourage to make specific plans or a commitment to change; decrease barriers Preparation/ Action = negotiate a plan;Assist in developing concrete action plans, setting gradual goals, make a public commitment/reaffirm commitment and implement plan;Assist with feedback, social support, positive reinforcement Maintenance = problem solve to prevent relapse;Assist in coping, buddy system, rewards, avoiding slips/relapses Signup and view all the answers

Stages of Change theory limitations

Isolation = Considers individual health behavior change independently of social and environmental factors Individual change = Aims to produce personal behavior change and not structural change, limiting the interventions Does not acknowledge = that people with lower change potential are often the most disadvantaged Inequities = Can further widen disparities in the population Signup and view all the answers

Human behaviour is ___ & . Taking up positive behaviour (or giving up negative behaviour is also complex). A behavioural theory/model helps us: _ __________ & _ ___; To & _ program _ for behaviour change. Identify program/intervention ________

Complex, dynamic, understand, health-promoting, behaviours, environmental, conditions, identify, meet, objectives, strategies Signup and view all the answers

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was first known as the Social Learning Theory (SLT).

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the construct to the definition (observational learning, incentive motivation, facilitation are included in another question)

Reciprocal determinism = Environmental factors influence individuals and groups, but individuals and groups can also influence their environments and regulate their own behaviour Outcome expectations = Beliefs about the likelihood and value of the consequences of behavioural choices Self-efficacy = Beliefs about personal ability to perform behaviours to bring about desired outcomes Collective efficacy = Beliefs about the ability of a group to perform concerted actions that bring desired outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the construct (of SCT) to the definition (reciprocal determinism, outcome expectations, self-efficacy and collective efficacy are included in another question).

Observational learning = Learning to perform new behaviours by exposure to interpersonal or media displays of them participating through peer modelling Incentive motivation = The use and misuse of rewards and punishments to modify behaviour Incentive motivation = The use and misuse of rewards and punishments to modify behaviour Facilitation = Providing tools, resources, or environmental changes that make new behaviours easy to perform Signup and view all the answers

Match

Essential = Setting a goal and objectives are crucial steps in the planning process. Goal = what your program aims to achieve overall Objectives = changes you want your program to bring about. Good = Job Signup and view all the answers

The health goal is written out as a ____ _ that includes _ estimates of the _ of the desired effect and the estimated __ required to achieve that effect.

Measurable, sentence, quantitative, magnitude, time Signup and view all the answers

This is a well written goal: To reduce by 10 per cent the proportion of Indigenous people injured in car rollovers while travelling in open load spaces in the Midwest area, within two years.

True Signup and view all the answers

This is a well-written objective: Increase by 10% the proportion of males aged 65- 74 in South West WA, who self-report consistently wearing suitable, Australian standard life-jackets whilst undertaking aquatic activities.

True Signup and view all the answers

This is a well-written objective: Decrease by 10% the proportion of males aged 65-74 in South West WA who self-report consuming any alcoholic beverage prior to engaging in any aquatic activity.

True Signup and view all the answers

6 strategies for program planning

Health communication; Health education; Health policy & legislation; Environmental; Advocacy; Technological. Signup and view all the answers

Match

Health Policy and legislation = ncludes laws, policies, position statements, regulations, formal and informal rules; takes longer to implement Community advocacy = The actions of local people to bring about social or physical change on behalf of a particular health goal or program;May bring about environmental change OR policy or legislation Environmental/ Structural change = Change structure or types of services, or systems of care to improve the delivery of HP programs & services;signage, lockers and showers EoT facilities, point-of-purchase education Health communication, Health education, Technology = Last one: airbags in cars, traffic calming devices, smoke detectors, improved road design, circuit breakers Signup and view all the answers

Match

Individual behavioural strategies = developing personal skills to target lifestyle risk factors Socio-environmental strategies = Focus on structural or environmental change Ecological approach = Recognise benefits of combined approach, using both individual and socio-environmental strategies Good = Job Signup and view all the answers

Individual approach to strategy: One-on-one communication allows for greater influence & potential behaviour change,Has limitations, especially in time & cost-effectiveness

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the strategy approach to the correct item

Individual focus approach = partnership with GPs, pharmacists, counsellors, other allied health professionals, digital/internet and other technologies Group focus approach = walking groups, cooking or budgeting classes, educational seminars Population focus approach = mass media campaigns, policy and legislation Good = Job Signup and view all the answers

the potential strategies should be a mixture of:

developing personal skills = Information and education for health that helps develop skills to make healthy choices strengthening community action = Communities should have power over their own activities; work for and with communities rather than work to/at communities. creating supportive environments; = Creating supportive living and working conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying, enjoyable and healthy building healthy public policy/reorienting health services = Putting health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors and on all levels/eshaping policies and healthcare systems to improve overall public health Signup and view all the answers

Approaches in community development

Community development = Planned process of working with groups of people to address issues affecting their well‐being one‐way communication = or information delivery consultation = and involvement & collaboration in decision‐making empowered action = informal groups or formal partnerships Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct definition

Community development = the process of organising or supporting community groups in identifying their priority health issues, planning and acting upon their strategies for social action and change, thereby gaining increased self‐reliance and decision making power Community engagement = the ability to establish meaningful contact, conversation, or discussion with individuals and groups with the aim of maximising their participation and decision making in issues that are of concern to them • Empowerment = the process whereby individuals and groups become stronger and more confident in controlling or exerting influence over the issues affecting their lives Good = Job Signup and view all the answers

Community Development -Bottom up approach. Match

Empowerment = Attempts to develop potential of community through education, self‐help techniques & programs Broad participation = Community change happens when a diverse range of people actively determine their own goals and actions at the local level Communication = Involves discussion & communication among variety of different individuals, groups & stakeholders Engagement = Emphasises community participation & ownership of issues Signup and view all the answers

Four different types of evaluation:

formative, process, impact and outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the aim of evaluation?

Collecting information to inform action and solve practical problems by understanding what works and why, while learning from experience Signup and view all the answers

Match the evaluation type to the correct definition

Formative evaluation = assesses the development stages of an intervention, testing program strategies and data collection tools, ensuring realistic goals, and identifying measures of change for further evaluations Process evaluation = monitors the implementation of a program by measuring its activities, quality, acceptability, and reach, focusing on program reach, participant satisfaction, activity implementation, and program materials, to determine if it was implemented as intended Impact evaluation (short & intermediate) = measures the immediate and short/intermediate term effects of a program on awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and intentions, using pre- and post-implementation evaluations through record keeping, surveys, observation, and both qualitative and quantitative methods Outcome Evaluation (long term – goal‐health issue) = measures the long-term effects of a program on knowledge, attitudes, skills, behaviors, morbidity, and mortality, using record keeping, surveys, observation, and both qualitative and quantitative methods Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct evaluation type to the correct examples.

Formative evaluation (research) = Needs assessment, Talking to stakeholders, Talking to the target group, Literature review, Talking to other experts Process evaluation (intervention) = How many people attended? How many sessions run? How many brochures printed? Impact evaluation (short & intermediate) = What do people know now/what did they know before? Have attitudes changed? What are people doing differently? Outcome Evaluation (long term – goal‐health issue) = Reducing levels of prevalence, Increased quality of life Signup and view all the answers

To effectively work toward change and health improvement, public health practitioners need first to understand the perceptions that influence the behaviours of their target population (Laverack, 2017). Behavioural theory helps practitioners gain a clear picture of health behaviours and the context in which those behaviours occur (Laverack, 2017). Additionally, behaviour theories facilitate behaviour change at individual, organisational and community levels hence the growing evidence that health interventions built on behavioural theory are significantly more effective than interventions without that foundation (Laverack, 2017). The Health Belief Model (HBM) is categorised as an individualised approach to behaviour change (Green et al., 2020) that posits that behaviour change is dependent on a person’s perceptions of the risk of the health issue, benefits of recommended actions and perceived barriers to acting (Green et al., 2020). The HBM is based on several cognitive constructs, which will hereon be briefly evaluated using drowning prevention in older adults as a means of illustration. Perceived susceptibility refers to the perceptions of older Australian males aged 65-74 about the likelihood they will experience a drowning incident (Green et al., 2020). Research indicates that older adults often perceive others to be at greater risk than their selves (Stanley & Moran, 2021) and perceive that higher swimming ability equates to lower risks of drowning (Abercromby et al., 2021). Evidence shows that males are more likely to overestimate their abilities and underestimate their susceptibility to drowning (Croft & Button, 2015). Furthermore, whilst most older adults demonstrated awareness of the risk of drowning in beaches and oceans most had a very low perception of the severity of drowning risk in other bodies of water e.g. bathtubs, rivers, and pools (Abercromby et al., 2021; Clemens et al., 2021). Perceived severity could also include the perceived negative impact of drowning and risk-taking behaviours on family responsibilities and obligations (Abercromby et al., 2021). Perceived barriers may include body image insecurities for older men and women as well as a sense of ‘declining function’ due to beliefs that age reduces Saynab Ahmed Ali 21615139 18 May 2024 6 strength and ability (Abercromby et al., 2021). Participation in drowning prevention interventions by the target population could be encouraged by perceived benefits including improved strength and balance, improved mental health and well-being, increased flexibility and sedentariness as well as social connection (Abercromby et al., 2021). In older adults, low self-efficacy was linked to behaviour modification (choosing not to swim, or only swimming in calm places) rather than acquiring drowning prevention skills (Abercromby et al., 2021). Mapping out these constructs of the HBM can help health practitioners utilise a variety of innovative strategies (Laverack, 2017). To create suitable cues to actions tailored for our target group and develop high self-efficacy in our target group which will lead to skills acquisition.

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Study Notes

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phases

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model consists of 8 phases that guide health education and health promotion initiatives.
Phase 1: Social Assessment - Focuses on understanding the community's values, beliefs, and attitudes towards a health issue.
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment - Involves analyzing health data to identify health problems and their causes.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment - Examines the educational and ecological factors that influence the health problem.
Phase 4: Health Program and Policy Development - Health programs and policies are developed based on the findings of the previous phases.
Phase 5: Formative Evaluation and Implementation - The health program is implemented, and formative evaluation is conducted to refine the program.
Phase 6: Process Evaluation - Evaluates the implementation process of the health program.
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation - Assesses the short-term effects of the health program on the target population.
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation - Evaluates the long-term effects of the health program on the target population.

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phases

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model consists of 8 phases that guide health education and health promotion initiatives.
Phase 1: Social Assessment - Focuses on understanding the community's values, beliefs, and attitudes towards a health issue.
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment - Involves analyzing health data to identify health problems and their causes.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment - Examines the educational and ecological factors that influence the health problem.
Phase 4: Health Program and Policy Development - Health programs and policies are developed based on the findings of the previous phases.
Phase 5: Formative Evaluation and Implementation - The health program is implemented, and formative evaluation is conducted to refine the program.
Phase 6: Process Evaluation - Evaluates the implementation process of the health program.
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation - Assesses the short-term effects of the health program on the target population.
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation - Evaluates the long-term effects of the health program on the target population.

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phases

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model consists of 8 phases that guide health education and health promotion initiatives.
Phase 1: Social Assessment - Focuses on understanding the community's values, beliefs, and attitudes towards a health issue.
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment - Involves analyzing health data to identify health problems and their causes.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment - Examines the educational and ecological factors that influence the health problem.
Phase 4: Health Program and Policy Development - Health programs and policies are developed based on the findings of the previous phases.
Phase 5: Formative Evaluation and Implementation - The health program is implemented, and formative evaluation is conducted to refine the program.
Phase 6: Process Evaluation - Evaluates the implementation process of the health program.
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation - Assesses the short-term effects of the health program on the target population.
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation - Evaluates the long-term effects of the health program on the target population.

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

Established in 1986 to outline fundamental principles for promoting health globally
Based on five core principles that align with its core values

Ensures fair distribution of resources and opportunities to reduce health disparities
Advocates for policies and practices that address social determinants of health, including income, education, and employment
Aims to achieve equitable health outcomes for all populations

Empowerment

Enables individuals and communities to gain control over their health and its determinants
Builds skills, knowledge, and confidence to make informed decisions and advocate for needs
Encourages collective action to improve health and well-being

Participation

Promotes active involvement of individuals and communities in health promotion activities
Values collaborative approaches to planning, implementing, and evaluating health initiatives
Ensures interventions are relevant and culturally appropriate

Equity

Focuses on achieving equal health outcomes by addressing unfair and avoidable differences in health status
Requires targeted strategies to support disadvantaged groups
Ensures access to resources and opportunities for maintaining and improving health

Holistic View of Health

Recognizes the interconnectedness of physical, mental, social, and environmental factors
Promotes a comprehensive approach to health promotion, considering the whole person and broader context
Enhances overall well-being by fostering inclusive, sustainable health improvements for all individuals and communities

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

Established in 1986 to outline fundamental principles for promoting health globally
Based on five core principles that align with its core values

Ensures fair distribution of resources and opportunities to reduce health disparities
Advocates for policies and practices that address social determinants of health, including income, education, and employment
Aims to achieve equitable health outcomes for all populations

Empowerment

Enables individuals and communities to gain control over their health and its determinants
Builds skills, knowledge, and confidence to make informed decisions and advocate for needs
Encourages collective action to improve health and well-being

Participation

Promotes active involvement of individuals and communities in health promotion activities
Values collaborative approaches to planning, implementing, and evaluating health initiatives
Ensures interventions are relevant and culturally appropriate

Equity

Focuses on achieving equal health outcomes by addressing unfair and avoidable differences in health status
Requires targeted strategies to support disadvantaged groups
Ensures access to resources and opportunities for maintaining and improving health

Holistic View of Health

Recognizes the interconnectedness of physical, mental, social, and environmental factors
Promotes a comprehensive approach to health promotion, considering the whole person and broader context
Enhances overall well-being by fostering inclusive, sustainable health improvements for all individuals and communities

Key Principles of Health Promotion

Health promotion involves the entire population, empowering individuals to take control and responsibility for their own health within their daily lives.
It tackles the root causes of health issues, focusing on determinants of health.
Health promotion employs a range of complementary methods, including:
- Legislation
- Policy
- Community development
- Education
- Communication
Effective public participation is crucial, leading to increased:
- Individual capacity
- Community capacity

Ecological Models of Health Behaviour

Recognise the influence of the environment on a person's health behaviours.
Categorise the levels of influence into five levels:

Levels of Influence

Intrapersonal/individual factors: Personal characteristics and traits that influence health behaviours.
Interpersonal factors: Social relationships and interactions with others that affect health behaviours.
Organisational factors: The physical and social environment of institutions, such as workplaces and schools, that impact health behaviours.
Community factors: The social and cultural norms, as well as the physical environment, of the community that influence health behaviours.
Public policy: Laws, regulations, and policies that shape health behaviours and outcomes.

Ecological Models of Health Behaviour

Recognise the influence of the environment on a person's health behaviours.
Categorise the levels of influence into five levels:

Levels of Influence

Intrapersonal/individual factors: Personal characteristics and traits that influence health behaviours.
Interpersonal factors: Social relationships and interactions with others that affect health behaviours.
Organisational factors: The physical and social environment of institutions, such as workplaces and schools, that impact health behaviours.
Community factors: The social and cultural norms, as well as the physical environment, of the community that influence health behaviours.
Public policy: Laws, regulations, and policies that shape health behaviours and outcomes.

Ecological Models of Health Behaviour

Recognise the influence of the environment on a person's health behaviours.
Categorise the levels of influence into five levels:

Levels of Influence

Intrapersonal/individual factors: Personal characteristics and traits that influence health behaviours.
Interpersonal factors: Social relationships and interactions with others that affect health behaviours.
Organisational factors: The physical and social environment of institutions, such as workplaces and schools, that impact health behaviours.
Community factors: The social and cultural norms, as well as the physical environment, of the community that influence health behaviours.
Public policy: Laws, regulations, and policies that shape health behaviours and outcomes.

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phases

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model consists of 8 phases that guide health education and health promotion initiatives.
Phase 1: Social Assessment - Focuses on understanding the community's values, beliefs, and attitudes towards a health issue.
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment - Involves analyzing health data to identify health problems and their causes.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment - Examines the educational and ecological factors that influence the health problem.
Phase 4: Health Program and Policy Development - Health programs and policies are developed based on the findings of the previous phases.
Phase 5: Formative Evaluation and Implementation - The health program is implemented, and formative evaluation is conducted to refine the program.
Phase 6: Process Evaluation - Evaluates the implementation process of the health program.
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation - Assesses the short-term effects of the health program on the target population.
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation - Evaluates the long-term effects of the health program on the target population.

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Phases

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model consists of 8 phases that guide health education and health promotion initiatives.
Phase 1: Social Assessment - Focuses on understanding the community's values, beliefs, and attitudes towards a health issue.
Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment - Involves analyzing health data to identify health problems and their causes.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment - Examines the educational and ecological factors that influence the health problem.
Phase 4: Health Program and Policy Development - Health programs and policies are developed based on the findings of the previous phases.
Phase 5: Formative Evaluation and Implementation - The health program is implemented, and formative evaluation is conducted to refine the program.
Phase 6: Process Evaluation - Evaluates the implementation process of the health program.
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation - Assesses the short-term effects of the health program on the target population.
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation - Evaluates the long-term effects of the health program on the target population.

Rationale in Research

A rationale is a set of reasons provided by a researcher or planner for conducting further research into a specific subject.
It involves three types of research: library research, descriptive research, and experimental research.

Importance of Rationale in Health Promotion Programs

Developing a rationale is crucial for planning and implementing health promotion programs.
The main objective is to gain the support of decision makers who can provide resources for the program.

Rationale in Research

A rationale is a set of reasons provided by a researcher or planner for conducting further research into a specific subject.
It involves three types of research: library research, descriptive research, and experimental research.

Importance of Rationale in Health Promotion Programs

Developing a rationale is crucial for planning and implementing health promotion programs.
The main objective is to gain the support of decision makers who can provide resources for the program.

Needs Assessment in Health Promotion Planning

A systematic process to identify and understand the health needs of a population
Involves collecting and analyzing data to determine gaps between current health conditions and desired health outcomes

Purposes of a Needs Assessment

Identify Health Priorities: Determine the most pressing health issues affecting the target population
Understand Determinants: Explore factors contributing to health issues, including social, economic, environmental, and behavioral determinants
Allocate Resources: Inform decision-making on allocating resources efficiently to address identified needs
Design Effective Interventions: Develop targeted and evidence-based health promotion programs addressing specific needs and priorities of the population
Engage Stakeholders: Involve community members and stakeholders in the planning process to ensure relevance, cultural appropriateness, and community support

PRECEDE-PROCEED Acronym

PRECEDE stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation
PROCEED stands for Policy, Regulatory, and Organisational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development
PROCEED includes evaluation as a part of its scope

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Health Promotion Exam

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Questions and Answers

Match the descriptors to their appropriate phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.

Which phase involves assessing the quality of the program input and interventions to ensure they are proceeding as planned?

Which phase focuses on identifying and prioritizing behavioral and environmental risk factors associated with the health issue?

Determining whether the long-term goals of the health program are being achieved is the primary aim of which phase?

Which phase includes the identification of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that can affect behavior and lifestyle?

Selecting and aligning program strategies, interventions, and funding occurs in which phase?

What is a key objective of the social justice principle in health promotion?

What is the primary focus of the empowerment principle in health promotion?

What is the primary goal of the participation principle in health promotion?

What is the primary focus of the equity principle in health promotion?

What is the core concept of the holistic view of health principle in health promotion?

What is a key strategy for achieving social justice in health promotion?

What is the main objective of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

How many core principles does the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion outline?

What is the year in which the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was established?

What are the 5 core principles of the Ottowa Charter? Social ______, _________, _________, _______, ____________ of health

Health promotion involves tackling the _______ of health;

Three key strategies of the Ottawa Charter:

The 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter are: Build Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Actions, Develop Personal Skills, Reorient Health Services

Ecological models of health behaviour only consider the influence of intrapersonal factors on a person’s health behaviours.

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion outlines six core principles.

Health promotion involves tackling the benefits of health.

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion only focuses on individual health actions.

Ecological models of health behaviour consider five levels of influence on health behaviours.

Which of the following is NOT a level of influence in ecological models of health behaviour?

How many levels of influence do ecological models of health behaviour recognise?

Match the levels of influence with their descriptions:

Match the principles of health promotion with their descriptions:

Match the action areas of the Ottawa Charter with their descriptions:

Match the levels of influence with their corresponding examples:

Match the key features of ecological models of health behaviour with their descriptions:

Match the PRECEDE-PROCEED model phase with its description:

Match the phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model with its objective:

Match each phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to the type of evaluation it conducts:

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding phases in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model:

Match the following elements to their appropriate phases in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model:

Which phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model involves the initial assessment of the social factors affecting the health issue?

The phase that prioritizes behavioral and environmental risk factors associated with the health issue is known as:

In which phase are interventions and programs implemented according to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?

Which phase is concerned with the identification of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors affecting health behavior?

In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, which phase aims to determine the final outcomes and benefits of the health program over a long period?

What is the primary purpose of a rationale in research?

Which type of research is NOT mentioned as a focus for developing a rationale?

Why is developing a rationale considered a key element in planning health promotion programs?

What is the ultimate aim of gaining the support of decision-makers for health promotion programs?

Which of the following is NOT a type of research mentioned as a reason for developing a rationale?

A rationale is only necessary for experimental research.

The development of a rationale is crucial for gaining support from decision makers.

A rationale is not essential in planning health promotion programs.

Creating a rationale helps to provide reasons for conducting further research into a subject.

A rationale solely focuses on experimental research and excludes other forms of research.

What is the primary purpose of a needs assessment in health promotion planning?

What is the focus of the 'Understand Determinants' phase of a needs assessment?

What is the purpose of engaging stakeholders in the needs assessment process?

What is the outcome of a well-conducted needs assessment?

What is the focus of the 'Identify Health Priorities' phase of a needs assessment?

What is the role of a needs assessment in health promotion planning?

The two planning frameworks in health promotion are the PABCAR and Logic models.

PABCAR stands for: _____________ cost, epidemiology, evidence, _____________: to change (can you fix it? how do you know?), Intervention ___________ are greater than Costs (social, ethical, economic, efficacy), ______________ for the interventions, Actions ________________

Match the PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym components with their descriptions:

Match the phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model with their primary objectives:

Match the Ottawa Charter action areas with their descriptions:

The PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym stands for: PRECEDE: ________, _______ and _______ ______ in _______ _______ and _________ • PROCEED: ______, ______, and __________ _____ in ________ and _______ _______ (includes evaluation)

A common flaw in program planning is designing strategies before writing a goal & objectives

Summary of PRECEDE

Phase 2; literature review

Phase 3:Educational and organisational assessment

Phase 4: Health Program & Policy Development

PROCEED; Phase 5 to 8

Why do we need to conduct a needs assessment?

What are the four types of need indicators?

The needs assessment provides the opportunity to

Needs assessment benefits:

A needs assessment is NOT an important component in an evidence-informed approach

What methods to use for a needs assessment

Needs assessment methods: • Use of ___________ • _______ and questionnaires • ____________________ • In depth _______________ (one-on one) • _________ groups • ________________ methods e.g. photo voice

Needs Assessment; Identifying the health problem

What are the 5 core principles of the Ottowa Charter?

Social __, _, _, _, __________ of health

The 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter are:

Build Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Actions, Develop Personal Skills, Reorient Health Services

PABCAR stands for:

_______ cost, epidemiology, evidence, _: to change (can you fix it? how do you know?), Intervention _ are greater than Costs (social, ethical, economic, efficacy), for the interventions, Actions ______

The PRECEDE-PROCEED acronym stands for:

PRECEDE: ____, _ and _ in _ _ and _ • PROCEED: , , and __ _ in __ and _ _____ (includes evaluation)

Needs assessment methods: • Use of _______ • _ and questionnaires • ________ • In depth _ (one-on one) • _ groups • ____________ methods e.g. photo voice

The criteria for determining priorities in a needs assessment (4 main; 3 additional): ___, _, (who does it affect), to intervention; likely in _ of action, level of efforts, and ____ support for action.

The health goal is written out as a ____ _ that includes _ estimates of the _ of the desired effect and the estimated __ required to achieve that effect.