Nutrition Lecture 4
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Questions and Answers

What is a crucial benefit of optimal pre-pregnancy nutrition?

  • Increases the likelihood of high birth weight infants
  • Guarantees the absence of maternal illnesses during pregnancy
  • Improves the chances of a healthy mother and baby (correct)
  • Reduces the need for prenatal vitamins

    • Why is it recommended for women capable of becoming pregnant to avoid alcohol?

  • It has no significant effect on fetal development
  • It negatively affects the mother's pre-pregnancy nutritional status
  • It can lead to excessive weight gain
  • It is known to cause neural tube defects (correct)

    • What is the primary natural source of folate recommended for women pre-pregnancy?

  • Dairy products
  • Sunflower seeds
  • Fortified cereals
  • Leafy greens (correct)

    • Which type of iron is better absorbed by the body and should be prioritized in the diet before pregnancy?

    <p>Heme iron from animal sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for pre-pregnancy nutrition?

    <p>Choosing non-heme iron sources exclusively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcium play in pre-pregnancy nutrition?

    <p>It supports bone health for both mother and baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much synthetic folic acid should women capable of becoming pregnant consume daily?

    <p>400 mcg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of inadequate energy and nutrient intake before pregnancy?

    <p>Preventing the fetus from reaching its genetic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in meeting the nutritional needs of school-age children?

    <p>Balancing nutrient intake with calorie intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common deficiency in adolescents?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the growth spurt for boys typically begin?

    <p>12-13 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What daily protein intake is recommended for school-age children?

    <p>19-34 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a significant psychological impact of obesity in children?

    <p>Social stigma leading to depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dietary fat should adolescents primarily avoid according to dietary guidelines?

    <p>Trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient requirement is highest during adolescence?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is essential for preventing obesity in children?

    <p>Integrating nutrition education and fitness into school programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of excessive sugar and sodium intake in children?

    <p>Elevated risk of obesity and high blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily contributes to the calorie requirements of adolescents?

    <p>Level of physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why breastfeeding is considered beneficial for obesity prevention in infants?

    <p>Breastfed infants experience slower weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of formula is specifically designed for infants with lactose deficiency?

    <p>Soy Formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is it generally recommended to introduce complementary foods to infants?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first solid food for infants due to its high iron content?

    <p>Iron-Fortified Infant Cereal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeding practice can contribute to obesity risk in infants?

    <p>Ignoring infant hunger cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feeding challenge in toddlers characterized by a temporary preference for specific foods?

    <p>Food Jags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is advised to avoid introducing early to infants due to the risk of botulism?

    <p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient should be emphasized in the diet of toddlers according to the dietary guidelines?

    <p>Whole Grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested caloric intake for a 2-year-old per day?

    <p>1,000 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeding guideline is crucial to prevent nursing bottle caries in infants?

    <p>Avoid putting infants to bed with sweetened liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it recommended to introduce new foods to infants?

    <p>One food every 5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary practice should parents avoid to prevent obesity in their infants?

    <p>Using food as a reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group relies on breastfeeding or formula as their primary source of nutrition?

    <p>0-12 Months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended additional caloric intake for breastfeeding mothers in the first 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding?

    <p>330 calories/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

    <p>Lower risk of respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can impair the milk ejection reflex during lactation?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of protein found in breast milk?

    <p>Whey protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recommendation is made regarding seafood consumption for breastfeeding mothers?

    <p>Limit albacore tuna to 6 oz per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does breastfeeding help in the postpartum recovery of mothers?

    <p>Enhances maternal emotional stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important nutrient is absorbed more effectively from breast milk compared to formula?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is temporary and occurs due to hormonal changes during pregnancy?

    <p>Gestational diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor contributes to decreased demand for breastfeeding?

    <p>Infant’s reduced interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Listeriosis refer to in a medical context?

    <p>A bacterial infection particularly harmful during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized barrier to successful breastfeeding?

    <p>High levels of family encouragement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cholesterol in breast milk?

    <p>Supports cholesterol-regulating systems development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about fluid intake for breastfeeding mothers?

    <p>Drinking excessive water increases milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition involves high blood pressure and potential organ system damage during pregnancy?

    <p>Preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy?

    <p>Support fetal brain and eye development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of gestational obesity for mothers?

    <p>Higher risk of cesarean delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended limit for alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>No safe level has been established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient's requirement increases by 50% during pregnancy due to expanded blood volume?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a high-risk factor assessed during the first prenatal visit?

    <p>Excessive weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safe maximum intake of albacore tuna recommended per week during pregnancy?

    <p>6 oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a high-risk pregnancy?

    <p>A pregnancy more likely to lead to complications such as low birth weight or delivery issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foodborne illness is caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

    <p>Listeriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential risk associated with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy?

    <p>Low birth weight infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily caloric increase during the second trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>340 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for avoiding herbal supplements during pregnancy?

    <p>Potential teratogenic effects due to unregulated ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal-based iron type is more readily absorbed by the body?

    <p>Heme Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of consuming high amounts of caffeine during pregnancy?

    <p>Low birth weight (LBW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of neural tube defects?

    <p>Incomplete closure of neural tube during early pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage typically after the 20th week of pregnancy?

    <p>Preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pre-Pregnancy Nutrition

    • Optimal pre-pregnancy nutrition improves chances of a healthy baby, mother, and future for both.
    • Adequate nutrition before conception supports fetal growth.
    • Inadequate intake can prevent the fetus from reaching its genetic potential.
    • Excessive weight gain is linked to maternal and fetal complications.
    • Diet should provide adequate, not excessive, calories and nutrients.

    Key Recommendations for Women Capable of Becoming Pregnant

    • Iron: Prioritize heme iron (animal sources). Enhance absorption with vitamin C-rich foods.
    • Folic Acid: Consume 400 mcg synthetic folic acid daily + natural folate sources.
    • Weight Management: Maintain a healthy pre-pregnancy weight.
    • Alcohol Avoidance: Avoid alcohol completely, especially early in pregnancy.

    Key Nutrients Required Before Pregnancy

    1. Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)

    • Function: Prevents neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida) by supporting fetal brain and spinal cord development.
    • Sources: Synthetic (multivitamins, fortified foods); Natural (leafy greens, citrus fruits, dried beans).
    • Medical Note: Neural tube defects often occur before a woman knows she's pregnant.

    2. Iron (Heme and Non-Heme Iron)

    • Function: Supports increased blood volume & oxygen supply, reduces risk of iron deficiency anemia.
    • Sources: Heme Iron (meat, poultry, fish); Non-Heme Iron (spinach, legumes - enhanced with vitamin C).

    3. Calcium

    • Function: Supports bone health for both mother and baby.
    • Sources: Dairy products, fortified plant-based milk, leafy greens.

    4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

    • Function: Crucial for fetal brain & eye development.
    • Recommendations: Consume 8-12 oz of various seafood weekly.
    • Limit: Albacore tuna to 6 oz weekly due to mercury.

    5. Iodine

    • Function: Prevents fetal hypothyroidism & supports cognitive development.
    • Sources: Iodized salt, seafood, dairy products.

    Weight Considerations Before Pregnancy

    • Obesity Risk: Maternal risks: gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, birth defects, cesarean delivery, postpartum anemia, long-term obesity. Fetal risks: higher birth weight (macrosomia), increased perinatal death risk.
    • BMI Recommendations:
      • Overweight (BMI 25-29.9): Moderate weight loss recommended if two or more risk factors are present.
      • Obesity (BMI ≥ 30): Substantial long-term weight loss advised.
      • Underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5): Evaluate for eating disorders or body image issues.

    Nutrition and Lifestyle During Pregnancy

    • High-Risk Pregnancy: Pregnancy more likely to result in low birth weight infants, delivery complications, or long-term issues. Assessment during prenatal visits identifies risk factors.
    • Weight Gain During Pregnancy:
      • Normal BMI (18.5-24.9): 25-35 lbs total.
      • Excessive Weight Gain Risks: Maternal risks: gestational diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, postpartum weight retention; Fetal risks: hypoglycemia at birth, large for gestational babies, low Apgar scores, long-term obesity risks.
      • Inadequate Weight Gain Risks: Fetal risks: low birth weight (LBW), increased postnatal complications like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and childhood obesity.
    • Calorie Needs During Pregnancy:
      • First trimester: No extra calories.
      • Second trimester: Increase by 340 calories/day.
      • Third trimester: Increase by 452 calories/day.
      • Total: 2,200-2,900 calories/day depending on pre-pregnancy BMI and activity.
    • Nutrient Requirements During Pregnancy:
      • Iron: Increases by 50% due to expanded blood volume. Sources: red meat, fortified cereals, beans, spinach.
      • Vitamin B12: Increases by 10% for nerve function. Sources: animal products, fortified foods.
      • Folic Acid: Essential for preventing neural tube defects.

    Substances to Avoid During Pregnancy

    • Alcohol: Dehydrates fetal cells, may cause fetal alcohol syndrome (facial abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, developmental delays). Avoid completely.
    • Caffeine: High consumption potentially linked to low birth weight (LBW). Safe limit: 300 mg/day or less.
    • Herbal Supplements: Lack of scientific testing on safety during pregnancy, potential teratogenic (birth defect causing) effects.
    • Fish and Seafood: Mercury contamination from some fish can harm the fetus' brain and nervous system.
      • Safe choices: Low mercury fish (8-12 oz/week). Limit albacore tuna to 6 oz/week. Avoid high mercury fish (shark, swordfish).
    • Foodborne Illnesses: Avoid unpasteurized dairy, raw/undercooked foods, and refrigerated deli meats/pâtés (unless heated).

    Foodborne Illnesses to Avoid During Pregnancy

    1. Listeriosis:

    • Cause: Listeria monocytogenes bacteria.
    • Impact: Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, neonatal infections.
    • High-risk foods to avoid: Unpasteurized dairy, raw/undercooked meat, deli meats (unless heated thoroughly).

    2. Toxoplasmosis:

    • Cause: Toxoplasma gondii parasite.
    • Impact: Mental retardation, blindness, epilepsy (if contracted during first trimester).
    • Prevention: Thoroughly cook meat, wash fruits/vegetables, avoid cross-contamination, avoid changing cat litter.

    3. Pica (Non-Food Cravings):

    • Definition: Craving and consuming non-food items.
    • Potential causes: Cultural beliefs, hunger, medicinal purposes.
    • Risks: Iron deficiency anemia, premature birth, developmental delays (due to toxic metal ingestion).

    Nutrition for Lactation and Breastfeeding

    • Breastfeeding Recommendations:

      • WHO & AAP/ADA: Exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months; continue breastfeeding with complementary foods.

    • Benefits for Infants/Mothers: Reduces mortality & morbidity; faster postpartum recovery, reduced risk of postpartum depression, breast/ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart disease.

    • Barriers: Hospital policies, lack of knowledge, cultural attitudes.

    • Factors Impairing Lactation:

      • Impaired letdown (milk ejection reflex): stress, fatigue, negative attitudes, caffeine/alcohol.
      • Failure to establish lactation: delayed/infrequent feedings, weak infant sucking, nipple discomfort, lack of support.
      • Decreased demand: early introduction of formula/solids, supplemental bottles, infant's reduced interest.

    • Calorie Requirements During Breastfeeding: 500 extra calories/day (100-150 from stored fat, 350-400 from food). First 6 months: +330; Second 6 months: +400.

    • Fluid Intake: Drink water when thirsty. Overhydration does not increase milk production.

    • Nutrient Needs: Many nutrients increased during lactation; thiamin, riboflavin, B6, B12, vitamin A, iodine.

    • Other Considerations:

      • Alcohol: Passes into breast milk, reduces milk production. Wait 4 hours after drinking.
      • Caffeine: Moderate intake generally safe.
      • Seafood: Follow pregnancy guidelines.

    Infant Nutrition (0-1 Year)

    • Growth: Rapid physical growth. Birth weight doubles by 4-6 months, triples by 1 year. Length increases ~10 inches.
    • Nutritional Needs: Infants need more calories per kg than adults due to rapid growth.
    • Breast Milk Composition:
      • Protein (whey): Easy digestion, supports growth, minimizes kidney stress.
      • Fat: Easily digested, essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), cholesterol.
      • Enzymes (e.g., amylase): Aid starch digestion.
      • Minerals: Balanced for infant needs. Iron absorption from breast milk is significantly higher than formula.
      • Vitamins: Provided via breast milk, levels vary with mother's diet.
      • Immune Factors: Antibodies & protective factors, Bifidus factor (promotes healthy gut bacteria).

    Infant Formulas

    • Types: Standard, specialty (preterm, enriched, soy, lactose-free, hypoallergenic/non-allergenic, antireflux, metabolic disorder).
    • Feeding Guidelines: Adjust quantity and frequency based on infant's age, weight, needs. Avoid overfeeding, don't force infants to finish, prevent nursing bottle caries.

    Infant Feeding and Obesity

    • Risk Factors: Early feeding patterns (overfeeding, early complementary foods), parental practices (ignoring hunger cues, using food as reward/comfort).
    • Obesity Prevention Strategies: Breastfeeding (slower weight gain, appetite regulation, varied tastes). Healthy feeding practices (introduce complementary foods after 6 months, balanced diet, portion control).

    Introducing Complementary Foods

    • Optimal Timing: Around 6 months (developmental readiness). Avoid before 4 months.
    • Developmental Readiness: Sitting with support, head/neck control, disappearance of tongue-thrust reflex, interest in food.
    • First Foods: Iron-fortified infant cereal, pureed meats, pureed vegetables/fruits.
    • Introducing New Foods: One food at a time, 5-7 days apart, monitoring for allergic reactions (rash, fussiness, vomiting...).
    • Feeding Guidelines: Start with small amounts, allow self-regulation, avoid empty-calorie foods, avoid common allergens (cow's milk, eggs, wheat, citrus), honey, fruit juice (limit to 4-6 oz).

    Nutrition for Toddlers and Preschoolers (1-5 Years)

    • Early Childhood Nutrition: Dietary habits persist.
    • Parental Role: Decide what's offered, when it's offered, and where they eat. Children decide if/how much they eat.
    • Toddler Guidelines: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, lean protein; limit solid fats, added sugars, sodium.
    • Portion sizes: 1 tablespoon per year of age. (Ages 4-6 approach smaller adult servings)
    • Feeding Challenges:
      • Physiological anorexia (decreased appetite): Offer small, frequent meals.
      • Food jags (temporary preferences): Continue providing a variety of foods.
      • Picky eating: Encourage exploration without pressure/force feeding.
      • Role modeling: Parental habits heavily affect children's eating habits.

    Nutrition for School-Age Children (6-12 Years)

    • Growth rate: Slower than infancy and adolescence (2-3 inches in height, ~5 lbs per year).
    • Nutritional Needs: Increased calories with age, activity, and growth spurts; calories per kg decrease.
    • Dietary Guidelines: Follow MyPlate guidelines; whole grains, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy, lean protein.
    • Nutritional Concerns: Excessive sugar/sodium (sugary drinks, processed snacks, fast food), inadequate nutrient intake (calcium, potassium, vitamin D, fiber).

    Nutrition for Adolescents (12-18 Years)

    • Physical Growth: Significant growth spurt; girls (10-11 years, peak at 12); boys (12-13, peak at 14 years).
    • Weight Gain: Girls tend to gain body fat; boys tend to gain muscle mass.
    • Bone Growth: 50% of adult bone mass formed during adolescence, high calcium requirement (1,300 mg/day).
    • Caloric Requirements: Moderately active females: ~2,000 calories/day; males: 2,200-2,800 (based on activity).
    • Key Nutrients: Calcium, vitamin D, iron, protein, fiber.

    Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

    • Causes: Calorie imbalance (overeating, sugary drinks), lack of physical activity.
    • Health consequences: Physical (short-term: insulin resistance, prediabetes; long-term: type 2 diabetes, CVD, stroke, kidney failure); Psychological (social stigma, self-esteem issues, depression).
    • Prevention strategies: Healthy eating, active lifestyle, parental support, school-based programs.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential pre-pregnancy nutrition recommendations, emphasizing the importance of specific nutrients like iron and folic acid. Learn how proper nutrition before conception can prevent complications and support fetal development. Understand how maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding alcohol play crucial roles in pregnancy preparation.

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