Pre-Historic HOA Architecture

Pre-Historic HOA Architecture

• Derived from Greek "arkhitekton" (chief/master builder)
• It combines art with science, planning, designing and constructing physical structures

History of Architecture

• It studies the origin, evolution, and decline of architectural styles
• It analyzes the shifts through regions, era, stylistic trends, and crucial dates
• It enriches current designs and the environments
• It is essential to appreciate design theories, which is a necessity for inspiring innovative ideas

Why Study History of Architecture

• "Because, among the ornamental parts of an architect's design for a work, there are many underlying ideas of whose employment he should be able to explain to inquirers"
• So, the importance of historical knowledge becomes apparent

Factors that Influence Building Forms and Architecture

• Location or orientation of the geographical place
• Geological factors with the availability of regional materials
• Climatic conditions including the weather
• Religious factors incorporating beliefs, traditions and customs
• Historical factors reflecting key events
• Social and Political factors like social conditions, living conditions, philosophy, government and economics

Dating Systems - BCE

• Also known as Before Christ or Before Common Era
• Denotes years before the generally accepted start of the common calendar

Dating Systems - CE

• Also known as Anno Domini or Common Era
• The calendar is based on the Birth of Jesus Christ (year zero)
• In CE, the higher the number, the newer the date. For example 2018 CE is newer than 1451 CE
• In BCE, the higher the number, the older the date. For example 5,000 BCE is older than 4,000 BCE

Century Usage

• Using a 21st Century CE, it defines the years 2000 CE to 2099 CE
• Using 5th Century BCE, it defines the years 499 BCE to 400 BCE

Techniques and Structure (Firmitas)

• Emphasizes durability that ensures a well-constructed and stable structure
• It should remain in good condition
• It must combine beauty with structural necessity

Function (Utilitas)

• Focuses on utility, or the buildings layout
• It should serve Its intended purpose
• How a building is used defines its architectural function
• Lack of function reduces a building to sculpture

Form and Beauty (Venustas)

• Composition of the structure emphasizing beauty
• It refers to aesthetics, the sensory and its visual appeal
• Utilitarianism ensures even functional buildings include beauty

Construction Principles - Post and Lintel (Trabeated)

• Horizontal beams are supported by either posts of columns
• Post and Lintel can also be referred to as Columnar and Trabeated

Construction Principles - Trussed

• It comprises of two-force members to "behaves as a single object"

Construction Principles - Arch and Vault

• The arch structure spans a space and supports both structure and any weight above it
• A Vault is an arched form to ceilings or roofs
• The arch system refers to Arcuated structures

Construction Principles - Corbeling

• Vault tapers with overlapping layers of stone

Construction Principles - Cantilever

• One horizontal beam is fixed for weight with the other end that protrudes

Prehistoric Period

• Early humans migrated out of Africa to colonize the globe
• Nomadic humans migrated because of food and climate changes
• Tools developed to hunt while women began gathering food

Period of Gravettians

• Early humans went to Europe from Africa
• Around 25,000 BCE cold weather hunting societies formed
• Gravettians sewed and connected with spirits and ancestors

Venus Figurines

• Sculptures were female, pocket-sized
• Sculptures made from bone, ivory, ceramic, and stone
• Abstract body proportions with exaggerated features
• Figurines may be symbols for protection, fertility, and talisman for hunting

Magdalenian Period

• The Magdalenian transitioned Ice Age hunters into a forest society
• Caves became a location for rituals
• The Magdalenian developed a dialogue/discourse between humans, animals and ancestors

Primitive Dwellings - Mudhif

• An Iraqi reed house

Primitive Dwellings - Teepee or Tipi

• Used by American Indians, a mobile household
• Poles support animal skin for a conical shape

Primitive Dwellings - Hogan

• Used by the Navajo tribe, a log structure of various shapes

Primitive Dwellings - Rumaq Bolon

• Is a rectangular Indonesian house in Sumatra with elevated stills

Primitive Dwellings - Igloo

• Used by the Inuit and Eskimo people, the ice house

Primitive Dwellings - Nigerian Hut

• Cylindrical with mud and thatched roof

Primitive Dwellings - Trullo

• Also known as a beehive house is a dry Apulian stone hut in southern Italy

Stone Age Periods

• The stone age features the Old Stone Age, the Middle Stone Age, and the New Stone Age
• Stone tools are used by humans

Neolithic Age

• From 8,000 to 6,000 BCE
• New Stone Adoption with polished tools, stone and pottery advancements, settling agriculture and animal domestication, and early settlements for humans

Settlement at Catal Huyuk

• It was founded at Turkey's Konya Plains
• 7,400 BCE is around the time the establishment was inhabited
• Around the world, a significant and well-preserved settlement
• Catal Huyuk was found in 1958 by James Mellaarts and explored until 1965
• With easy agriculture it is near a marsh
• 5,000 to 8,000 people inhabit Catal Huyuk
• The village perimeter is formed by the clustered houses
• The public access of the houses are on its roof
• Figures like bulls painted on walls become present

Goddess Worship

• An insert on bull horns to the head means the generation of the ancestors

Megalithic Architecture

• It combines lithos (stone) and megas (great)
• Megaliths are large to create structures
• 6,000 to 3,000 BCE was around the movement of the climate
• Regions like Scotland had warmer temperatures for farming
• The cultural center moved towards the Nile as the Sahara became a desert

Common Megalithic Structures - Menhir

• Made of long, upright stones
• They are commonplace in the UK, France and Portugal

Carnac Stones

• Stones are at Carnac, France
• The stones align as dolmens and megaliths
• Single stone menhirs are put in rows
• The stones were built for celestial events
• Stones attract ancestors

Dolmen

• It is also known as a Portal Tomb or Cromlech,
• It is a tomb that is covered in stones
• It consists of large stones

Tumuli

• Tumulis are man made mounds of Earth for graves
• First, opening of burial is made
• Bones are then removed for the next burial

Stonehenge and Cursi - Wiltshire

• Located in England
• Built around 2,500 and 2,000 BCE
• Stonehenge consists of bluestones
• Each stone weighed 45-50 tons and is related to worship
• 32 m diameter is the area
• In the Stonehenge is a trillathon with 2 upright stones
• It is associated with ancient beliefs
• It connected the river Avon, symbolizing a path to the dead
• The perimeter is controlled
• It is axially symmetrical
• Flat land surrounded by a border is considered as the Henge
• Bluestones consist of sandstone with fine grains
• Sarsen stones are sandstone quantitys in the land
• The Heel Stone align to the sun in summer solstice

Ancient Egypt

• The Sahara grassland dried up so the people migrated to the Nile River
• The Pharaoh was believed to be their mediator between the Gods
• The Nile gave fertile soil and ease for transportation
• Their belief afterlife, a human lives with Ka (a life source)
• Ba remains after death in the body only to be released during the funeral
• A union of the Ka and Ba will be an AKh
• Ka statue should exist for the body, only to come back to
• Shahti are slave of the souls
• They write in Sumerian
• Daily life continued after the elite's death

Types of Gods - Isis

• Helps guide the dead into the after life

Types of Gods - Nenhthys

• Protector of the Mummies

Early tombs - Mastaba

• It also consisted of heiroglyphs with papyrus paintings
• Sunken Relief (Cavo Relievo) was common

Parts of Colomns

• Palm trees, papyrus, and lotus are used
• These are used in hieroglyphs

Ancient Egypt - Pyramid Types

• Masta bas
• Pyramid Steps
• Rock Hew

Temple Types

• Services are in mortuarys

Old Kindom archetecture

• Monumental scale was used with the tombs
• Masionary with the skill of stone
• Power in stone buildings

Mastaba

• First tomb in Egypt
• Ancient word meaning table
• Burial has a table and a tomb
• Slopes that have chamber connect

Pyramid of Djoser

• It was at Saggara

Bent pyramid of sernfu

• At Dahshur
• Part or what is Royal place
• Face north with two entrances

Pyramid of gizah

• Took around 80 year
• Seven wonder of the world