Pre-Colonial Filipino Social Classes

• The lower class lives at or below the poverty line.
• The middle class, or working class, is the largest and most diverse, living along and beyond the poverty line.
• The upper class, a smaller group, lives beyond the poverty line and can afford necessities and luxuries.

Pre-Colonial Filipino Society

• Babaylans held the highest religious position and were often Filipino women or homosexual men.
• Datus led the barangays and were elected from the next caste.
• Maharlikas were feudal lords united in an unbreakable alliance.
• Maginoos served as vassals to the maharlikas.
• Timawa were free people who served the land.
• Alipin was the lowest major caste.
• Aliping namamahay were land workers, similar to Western peasants.
• Aliping saguiguilid were the lowest, representing actual slaves.
• Sangleys, considered outcasts for being Chinese, paid quadruple taxes.
• Insulares were the first natural-born Filipinos with pure Spanish blood, also called Filipinos.
• Americanos were Spaniards born in American colonies like Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
• Peninsulares were Spaniards from the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal.

Mixed Heritage Terms

• Mestizajes represented varied mixed heritages with their own hierarchy
• Mestizo de Español was the highest, resulting from Filipino and Spaniard intermarriage.
• Tornatras classified mestizo de Español with Chinese blood, mestizo de Sangley with Spanish blood, or those with Spanish and Chinese blood.
• Mestizo de Bombay were people with Filipino and Bombay (Indian) heritage.
• Mestizo de Sangley were people with Filipino and Chinese heritage.

Sex and Gender

• Sex is a biological trait determining reproductive function based on gametes.
• Gender is a spectrum of socially constructed characteristics, norms, behaviors, and roles.
• Sexual orientation is one's inclination to others in terms of romance, emotions, and sexual urges.
• Androphilia: attraction to men and/or masculinity; gay men are attracted to other men.
• Gynephilia: attraction to women and/or femininity; straight men are attracted to women; lesbians are attracted to women.
• Bisexuals are attracted to both men and women.
• Ambiphilia is the term for bisexuality.
• Pansexuals are attracted to all people, regardless of sex or gender.
• Asexuals have no sexual attraction.
• Transgender individuals identify with a gender different from their assigned sex at birth.
• Transwomen are men who identify as female.
• Transmen are women who identify as male.
• Genderqueer individuals do not fit into cis or trans categories.
• Agender individuals feel no gender describes them.
• Non-binary is included in the agender group.
• Gender expression is how people express their gender.
• Masculinity expresses male qualities like strength, courage, and leadership.
• Femininity expresses female qualities like empathy and humility.
• Androgyny expresses both male and female qualities.
• Race is a flawed concept dividing humans based on inherited physical and behavioral differences.

Racism and Taxonomy

• Racism is the belief that race determines human traits and makes one race superior.
• Carolus Linnaeus, the "Father of Modern Taxonomy," categorized humans into African, American, Asiatic, and European subspecies.
• Petrus Camper believed ancient Greeks achieved human perfection and used facial angles to rank races by beauty.
• Johan Friedrich Blumenbach coined "Caucasian" to describe people from the Caucasus region.
• Samuel George Morton theorized intelligence correlated with brain size, claiming whites were superior due to larger skulls.

Popular Culture

• Appropriation is taking something for one's own gain without permission.
• Contemporary means existing in the same period.
• Trend is a prevailing inclination or current preference.
• Contemporary trends are current preferences.
• Flops (or Bombs) are unsuccessful popular culture icons.
• Fads gain a significant following but are short-lived.
• Sleeper hits start weak but become famous over time.
• Cult following icons are appreciated by specific subcultures.
• Blockbusters are widely acclaimed materials.
• Parodies, samplings, and remixes are made by consumers.

Celebrity Fame

• Singers perform vocal songs.
• Actors perform in visual entertainment.
• Reality show participants compete on live game shows.
• TV presenters host events, including newscasters and MCs.
• Athletes compete in sports, including eSports.
• Politicians run for government office.
• Persons-of-Interest become celebrities through association or infamy.
• Celebrification is the trend of ordinary people becoming celebrities.