Pre-colonial and Colonial Nigeria

Empires and Kingdoms:
- Nok Culture: Early civilization known for terracotta sculptures (around 1000 BC - 300 AD).
- Oyo Empire: A powerful Yoruba kingdom noted for its advanced political organization and military prowess.
- Benin Kingdom: Known for its art, especially bronze plaques and the famous Benin bronzes; ruled by the Oba.
- Songhai Empire: Dominated trade and scholarship in West Africa, known for cities like Timbuktu.
- Kanem-Bornu: An important trade empire in the northeast, often engaging in the trans-Saharan trade.

British Colonization:
- Early Contact: Beginning in the 16th century with trade, missionaries, and exploration.
- Lagos Annexation: Lagos was annexed in 1865, marking the start of formal British rule.
- Protectorates: In 1885, the Niger Coast Protectorate and in 1893, the Lagos Colony were established.
- Amalgamation: In 1914, the British merged the Northern and Southern protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.
- Indirect Rule: British employed local rulers to maintain control, which influenced local governance and ethnic divisions.

Emergence of Nationalism:
- Early Political Parties: Formation of parties like the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in the 1920s.
- Post-WWII Activism: Increased calls for independence led by figures like Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo.
- Constitutional Reforms: The 1946 Richard Constitution and subsequent 1954 Lyttleton Constitution expanded representation.
Independence: Nigeria achieved independence from Britain on October 1, 1960.

Ethnic Diversity: Home to over 250 ethnic groups, with major ones including Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.
Languages: English as the official language, alongside numerous indigenous languages.
Art and Music: Rich traditions in music (Afrobeats, Highlife), dance, and visual arts (woven textiles, carvings).
Religion: Predominantly Islam in the north, Christianity in the south, and indigenous beliefs across the regions.

Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970):
- Causes: Ethnic tensions, economic disparities, and political instability led to secession of Biafra.
- Biafran War: Conflict between the Nigerian government and the secessionist state of Biafra, marked by humanitarian crises.
- Consequences: Estimated 1-3 million deaths, significant displacement, and long-term impacts on national unity.
Post-war Era: Struggles for governance and ethnic tensions persisted, leading to further military coups and conflicts.

Nok Culture: Flourished around 1000 BC - 300 AD; renowned for distinctive terracotta sculptures.
Oyo Empire: A prominent Yoruba kingdom recognized for sophisticated political structures and military strength.
Benin Kingdom: Famous for its exquisite art, particularly in bronze plaques; governance centered around the Oba.
Songhai Empire: Key player in trade and education in West Africa, notable for its intellectual centers, including Timbuktu.
Kanem-Bornu: Significant trade empire in northeastern Africa, actively involved in trans-Saharan commerce.

British Colonization: Initiated in the 16th century through trading, missionary activities, and exploration.
Lagos Annexation: Officially annexed in 1865, signaling the onset of direct British colonial administration.
Protectorates Formation: Niger Coast Protectorate established in 1885 and Lagos Colony in 1893.
Amalgamation: In 1914, Northern and Southern protectorates were unified into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.
Indirect Rule: British governance relied on local authorities to sustain control, impacting local governance and ethnic relations.

Rise of Nationalism: Political parties like the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) emerged in the 1920s advocating for autonomy.
Post-WWII Activism: Key independence advocates included Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo, promoting self-determination.
Constitutional Progress: The 1946 Richard Constitution and 1954 Lyttleton Constitution enhanced political representation and organization.
Independence Achievement: Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on October 1, 1960.

Ethnic Diversity: Comprises over 250 ethnic groups, with major populations in Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo communities.
Linguistic Landscape: English serves as the official language, complemented by numerous indigenous dialects.
Artistic Expressions: Notable cultural contributions include popular music genres like Afrobeats and Highlife, alongside traditional crafts like woven textiles and carvings.
Religious Demographics: Predominantly Islamic in the northern regions, Christianity in the southern regions, with various indigenous beliefs present throughout.

Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970): Resulted from intense ethnic conflicts, economic inequality, and political discord, leading to the Biafran secession.
Biafran War: A humanitarian crisis ensued as the Nigerian government clashed with Biafra, marked by severe consequences.
Aftermath: The conflict caused an estimated 1-3 million fatalities and significant displacement, affecting national cohesion.
Post-war Challenges: Ongoing struggles for political stability and ethnic tensions persisted, contributing to subsequent military coups and unrest.