PPDAC Framework and Study Errors
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes the target population from the study population?

  • Target population refers to the entire group of interest, while study population refers to those from whom we can collect data. (correct)
  • Target population is who we actually study, while study population is who we want to study.
  • Target population includes everyone, while study population is a subset of those eligible.
  • Target population can be studied, while study population cannot.

    • Sample error and measurement error are the same types of error.

    False

    What is the primary purpose of the Data step in the PPDAC framework?

    To collect data according to the Plan.

    The primary concern of _____ error is the inaccuracies that arise during the data collection phase.

    <p>measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of errors with their descriptions:

    <p>Study error = Systematic problems affecting data accuracy in the study population. Sample error = Differences between the sample and the target population. Measurement error = Inaccuracies in data recording or entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help mitigate measurement errors?

    <p>Applying proper checks during data entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voluntary participation can introduce bias in sample selection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sampling protocol impact studies?

    <p>It dictates the methods used to select individuals from the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as sample error?

    <p>A difference in attributes between the study population and the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sample error is guaranteed whenever there are differences between the study population and the sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern arises from students volunteering to complete the survey about AI tool usage?

    <p>The sample might over-estimate the proportion of students who use AI tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The survey was completed by ______ students who were part of the UCAS system.

    <p>1,250</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to study populations and sampling:

    <p>Target Population = The entire group to which results will be generalized Study Population = The group that participants are sampled from Sample = The subset of the study population that participates in the study Sampling Protocol = The method used to select participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible attribute of interest regarding generative AI usage?

    <p>The proportion of students who have used AI tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different sampling protocols can lead to varying levels of sample error.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of students's voluntary participation on the study about AI tool usage?

    <p>It may lead to an overestimation of AI tool usage due to biased participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sample error primarily related to?

    <p>Differences in attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sample error results from differences between the target population and the sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measurement error?

    <p>The difference between the measured value and the true value of a variate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relationship between __________ and a form of cervical cancer was underestimated due to measurement error.

    <p>human papillomavirus (HPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of errors to their definitions:

    <p>Sample error = Differences in attributes between the study population and the sample Measurement error = Difference between measured value and true value Voluntary participation = Participants may give biased responses AI tools usage = Students reporting their use and acceptability of AI tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with measuring AI tool usage in studies?

    <p>Participants might lie or provide inaccurate opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measuring variates can aid in the analysis of a study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is measurement error hard to anticipate?

    <p>It can arise from participants not telling the truth or from flawed measurement methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PPDAC

    • PPDAC is a framework for conducting empirical studies, its steps are Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion.
    • Problem: A clear statement of the study's objectives.
    • Plan: The procedures used to carry out the study including how the data will be collected.
    • Data: The physical collection of the data, as described in the Plan.
    • Analysis: The analysis of the data collected, accounting for considerations in the Problem and the Plan.
    • Conclusion: The conclusions that are drawn about the Problem, and any limitations of the study.

    Three Groups of Units

    • Target population: The population we want to study.
    • Study population: The population we could study.
    • Sample: The population we actually study.

    Three Types of Error

    • Study error: Any difference between the target population and the study population.
    • Sample error: Any difference between the study population and the sample.
    • Measurement error: Any difference between the measured value and the true value of a variate.

    Data Step

    • The Data step follows the Plan.
    • Variates must be clearly defined and satisfactory methods of measuring them must be used.
    • Mistakes can occur in recording or entering data into a database.
    • It is useful to put checks in place to avoid these mistakes, and detect those that are made.

    Sample Error

    • Sample error occurs if the attributes in the sample differ from the attributes in the study population.
    • Sample error is not guaranteed just because the study population and sample are different.
    • There must be a difference in attributes between the groups.

    Measurement Error

    • If the measured value and the true value of a variate are not identical, the difference is called measurement error.
    • Measurement error is extremely common and can severely undermine results.
    • The impact of measurement error can be hard to anticipate.
    • The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer was underestimated due to measurement error in the identification of HPV infection.

    Example: AI Study

    • Target population: Students enrolled in the UCAS system in November 2023, who were given the option to participate in the survey.
    • Study population: Students enrolled in the UCAS system in November 2023.
    • Sample: The 1,250 students who completed a survey.

    Example: AI Study - Measurement Error

    • In the AI study, participants may not tell the truth about their use of AI tools in university work, or give different opinions to what they truly believe about whether the use of such tools is acceptable.

    AI Study - Concerns

    • The sample consists of people who (presumably) completed the survey voluntarily.
    • This raises concerns because students who use AI tools might be more likely to participate in a survey about AI than those who have not used AI tools.
    • The sample might overestimate the proportion of students in the study population who have used AI tools in their studies.
    • There are other possible sources of sample error.

    Key Points

    • Concerns about sample error and measurement error should be discussed.
    • Statistical models are used to quantify the size of sample error.
    • Accuracy of measurements is crucial.
    • Variates corresponding to attributes of interest are measured.
    • Other variates that can aid the analysis may be measured.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 3: Planning and Conducting Empirical Studies PDF

    Description

    Explore the PPDAC framework, a structured method for conducting empirical studies. This quiz covers the steps of PPDAC and examines the distinctions between target, study populations, and various types of errors that may occur in research.

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