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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes the target population from the study population?
What distinguishes the target population from the study population?
Sample error and measurement error are the same types of error.
Sample error and measurement error are the same types of error.
False
What is the primary purpose of the Data step in the PPDAC framework?
What is the primary purpose of the Data step in the PPDAC framework?
To collect data according to the Plan.
The primary concern of _____ error is the inaccuracies that arise during the data collection phase.
The primary concern of _____ error is the inaccuracies that arise during the data collection phase.
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Match the following types of errors with their descriptions:
Match the following types of errors with their descriptions:
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Which of the following practices can help mitigate measurement errors?
Which of the following practices can help mitigate measurement errors?
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Voluntary participation can introduce bias in sample selection.
Voluntary participation can introduce bias in sample selection.
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How does the sampling protocol impact studies?
How does the sampling protocol impact studies?
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What is defined as sample error?
What is defined as sample error?
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Sample error is guaranteed whenever there are differences between the study population and the sample.
Sample error is guaranteed whenever there are differences between the study population and the sample.
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What concern arises from students volunteering to complete the survey about AI tool usage?
What concern arises from students volunteering to complete the survey about AI tool usage?
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The survey was completed by ______ students who were part of the UCAS system.
The survey was completed by ______ students who were part of the UCAS system.
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Match the terms related to study populations and sampling:
Match the terms related to study populations and sampling:
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Which of the following is a possible attribute of interest regarding generative AI usage?
Which of the following is a possible attribute of interest regarding generative AI usage?
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Different sampling protocols can lead to varying levels of sample error.
Different sampling protocols can lead to varying levels of sample error.
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What is the impact of students's voluntary participation on the study about AI tool usage?
What is the impact of students's voluntary participation on the study about AI tool usage?
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What is sample error primarily related to?
What is sample error primarily related to?
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Sample error results from differences between the target population and the sample.
Sample error results from differences between the target population and the sample.
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What is measurement error?
What is measurement error?
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The relationship between __________ and a form of cervical cancer was underestimated due to measurement error.
The relationship between __________ and a form of cervical cancer was underestimated due to measurement error.
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Match the types of errors to their definitions:
Match the types of errors to their definitions:
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What is a potential issue with measuring AI tool usage in studies?
What is a potential issue with measuring AI tool usage in studies?
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Measuring variates can aid in the analysis of a study.
Measuring variates can aid in the analysis of a study.
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Why is measurement error hard to anticipate?
Why is measurement error hard to anticipate?
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Study Notes
PPDAC
- PPDAC is a framework for conducting empirical studies, its steps are Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion.
- Problem: A clear statement of the study's objectives.
- Plan: The procedures used to carry out the study including how the data will be collected.
- Data: The physical collection of the data, as described in the Plan.
- Analysis: The analysis of the data collected, accounting for considerations in the Problem and the Plan.
- Conclusion: The conclusions that are drawn about the Problem, and any limitations of the study.
Three Groups of Units
- Target population: The population we want to study.
- Study population: The population we could study.
- Sample: The population we actually study.
Three Types of Error
- Study error: Any difference between the target population and the study population.
- Sample error: Any difference between the study population and the sample.
- Measurement error: Any difference between the measured value and the true value of a variate.
Data Step
- The Data step follows the Plan.
- Variates must be clearly defined and satisfactory methods of measuring them must be used.
- Mistakes can occur in recording or entering data into a database.
- It is useful to put checks in place to avoid these mistakes, and detect those that are made.
Sample Error
- Sample error occurs if the attributes in the sample differ from the attributes in the study population.
- Sample error is not guaranteed just because the study population and sample are different.
- There must be a difference in attributes between the groups.
Measurement Error
- If the measured value and the true value of a variate are not identical, the difference is called measurement error.
- Measurement error is extremely common and can severely undermine results.
- The impact of measurement error can be hard to anticipate.
- The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer was underestimated due to measurement error in the identification of HPV infection.
Example: AI Study
- Target population: Students enrolled in the UCAS system in November 2023, who were given the option to participate in the survey.
- Study population: Students enrolled in the UCAS system in November 2023.
- Sample: The 1,250 students who completed a survey.
Example: AI Study - Measurement Error
- In the AI study, participants may not tell the truth about their use of AI tools in university work, or give different opinions to what they truly believe about whether the use of such tools is acceptable.
AI Study - Concerns
- The sample consists of people who (presumably) completed the survey voluntarily.
- This raises concerns because students who use AI tools might be more likely to participate in a survey about AI than those who have not used AI tools.
- The sample might overestimate the proportion of students in the study population who have used AI tools in their studies.
- There are other possible sources of sample error.
Key Points
- Concerns about sample error and measurement error should be discussed.
- Statistical models are used to quantify the size of sample error.
- Accuracy of measurements is crucial.
- Variates corresponding to attributes of interest are measured.
- Other variates that can aid the analysis may be measured.
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Description
Explore the PPDAC framework, a structured method for conducting empirical studies. This quiz covers the steps of PPDAC and examines the distinctions between target, study populations, and various types of errors that may occur in research.