Ch. 7 WAN Review

Wide Area Networks may include the public switched network or leased portions of the network for private ______

When a LAN wants to communicate with the outside world, it will do so using one of the wide area technologies described in this chapter—or, at a minimum, it will employ a means that can trace its parentage back to one of these ______

New students of data communications may wonder why wireline modems were first used and why they were so ______, particularly if they remember their own experience with the Internet and 56 Kbps modems

Industrial control systems use LANs and are not normally run over a ______

Layer 1, the Physical layer, provides the physical connection—the electrical and mechanical means to establish, maintain, and end physical connections between Data Link ______

Since the length of the line introduces distortions and line losses to electrical signals that have a large direct current component, an alternating current is used as a carrier for the ______

This is accomplished through the process of modulation and demodulation, which is a method for translating frequencies by taking the DC signaling rate and transforming it into a higher frequency range, thus eliminating the DC ______

Modulation consists of modifying some sort of carrier with some sort of ______

Since almost all electrical communications over any great distance or at a high rate of speed use one or more modulation techniques, grasping them is essential to understanding industrial applications in which data is normally transferred some ______

Why is modulation ______

The MNP-__ comes in various flavors, the first five have been released to the public domain

MNPs 3 through 5 address a range of parameters, including losing the start and stop bits, for a 20 percent gain in ______

MNPs 6 through 10 are still in the proprietary domain, meaning that it is necessary to have modems that have the appropriate level of MNP software at both ends of the data ______

V.42 employs the LAP-M frame and uses code lists to represent strings of characters, replacing the strings with the shorter code lists to perform data ______

Part of modern modem operation is a process called ______ or negotiation

On the way to the current modem standards, a variety of techniques were developed to permit high-speed data transmission over a 3 KHz ______

Modems are used for frequency translation, and wireline modems comprise only a small segment of those ______

A WAN is commonly understood to be one that serves geographically separated ______

Intercity links can be considered as WANs and usually operate at 1 ______

ISDN was designed to offer voice, data, and video, all integrated into one service and generally distributed throughout the local area, as long as the on-premises equipment was not more than ______ m from the central office

Frame relay speeds typically start out at ______ Kbps and can go as high as you have the pocket money to afford

Frame relay DDS provides ______ Kbps with no CIR, using the DDS-type tariffs

A T1 carrier is a 24 digital-voice channel, time-division multiplexed signal – It multiplexes the outputs of 24 DS0 channels onto one ______ Mbps line

T3, which is also an international standard known as DS3, consists of ______ T1 lines

DDS was originally a leased-line service that offered data rates from 300 to ______ bps, as AT&T Digital Data Service it offers bit rates from 2.

ISDN did achieve a degree of popularity in the United States, not as an integrated service medium but for relatively fast Internet access from 1990 to ______

Frame relay may be used to connect corporate LANs, and the present-day cost per single channel is low enough for industrial use, particularly if the frame relay Digital Data Service is used – Frame relay DDS provides ______ Kbps with no CIR

A T1 carrier is a 24 digital-voice channel, time-division multiplexed signal – It multiplexes the outputs of ______ DS0 channels onto one 1.544 Mbps line

The integrated services digital network service was designed to offer voice, data, and video, all integrated into one service and generally distributed throughout the local area, as long as the on-premises equipment was not more than ______ m from the central office

Frame relay speeds typically start out at ______ Kbps and can go as high as you have the pocket money to afford

T3, which is also an international standard known as DS3, consists of ______ T1 lines

The T1 carrier data rate is _____ Mbps

The public switched telephone network began to become digital in the _____

The phone company digitizes your voice using an _____ kHz sampling rate

The continuous data rate of digitized voice is _____ Kbps

The DDD system is still used for calls outside the so-called _____ access and transport area

In North America, the ten-digit LATA number includes a three-digit area-code prefix to the normal number, which is a three-digit central office and a four-digit _____ number

For land line data transmission, the home computer transmission is digital to the modem, converted to analog to go over the subscriber line to the central office , and converted to digital for _____ lines

Calls in the LATA or inter-LATA can be routed in many ways: by radio link, satellite, wireline, microwave, or _____ optics

For land line data transmission, some long lines are still analog and connect to trunk lines where the circuit is converted from a two-wire to a four-wire _____

Packet assembly/disassembly device breaks up a digital data stream into packets or fragments of packets, each packet includes its destination and source address, perhaps with packet control and data as well so the packet may be _____ rather than routed

CCITT Recommendation X is related to _____ switching

Wireline data transmission is often perceived as instantaneous due to short lengths of wire and effects like turning on car headlights. However, long lengths of wire introduce ______ and ______, affecting the transmitted signal.

A square wave can be modeled using its fundamental frequency and ______ harmonics.

Sine waves are used as carriers due to their inability to be integrated or differentiated ______.

Amplitude, frequency, and ______ are the three characteristics of a carrier that can be modified.

Amplitude modulation changes the carrier's amplitude according to the ______ signal.

Frequency modulation varies the carrier's frequency based on the amplitude of the ______ signal.

Phase modulation shifts the carrier's phase according to the modulating signal's ______.

Data can be encoded to increase the data rate without requiring higher line ______ rates.

Wireline modems are divided into ______ and ITU2 classes.

Bell 212 modem uses di-bit-encoded quaternary phase shift keying for ______ advantages.

Modem manufacturers offer different data compression and error detection/______ schemes.

Through repetitive data encoding, data compression increases ______.

Fractional T1 lines run at ______ , ______ , or ______

FDDI consists of a dual counter-rotating fiber ring where data may circulate in ______ directions

ATM was originally scheduled to have a ______ data rate, although there are now different rates to suit differing applications, from 25 Mbps through 2.3 Gbps

ATM switches can be configured in a range of topologies, including trees, stars, meshes, and ______, and can support automatic re-routing around failed nodes and circuits

SONET network can be configured in differing ______, but it is most often used as a dual counter-rotating ring topology, similar to FDDI

Digital Subscriber Line technology, xDSL, has gained wide acceptance as it uses the same copper pairs that bring the venerable voicegrade wireline to your residence or business. It is considered a ______ technology

DSL does not specifically connect a ______

Using the same copper pairs that bring the venerable voicegrade wireline to your residence or business, digital subscriber line technology, xDSL, has gained wide acceptance. It is considered a broadband technology because you can have concurrent telephone, video, and ______ services on the line

SONET networks have been proposed as a fiber-to-the-curb infrastructure in which copper will carry the transmission into individual ______

When it was introduced, ATM quickly became the technology of choice for carriers because it handles voice, video, and data over WANs or LANs with a specified quality of ______

ATM is more of a technology for telecommunication carriers and service providers than a ______ technology

ATM technology is perfect for highbandwidth applications, such as multisite video conferencing. ATM is more of a technology for telecommunication carriers and service providers than a LAN technology; however, now that 40 GbE and 100 GbE are standardized, carrier companies have displayed a great interest in moving services toward ______