30 Questions
How can you display the value of a variable in PowerShell?
Use the Write-Host cmdlet with the variable name within double quotes
In PowerShell, how is selection logic formatted similar to C#?
if (condition) { true statements } else { false statements }
Which operator is used before a comparison in PowerShell?
-not
How should user-defined functions be placed in a PowerShell script?
Before any other code as they must be declared before being called
What array holds values passed to a function in PowerShell?
$args
Which logical operator in PowerShell means 'only one can be true'?
-xor
What is the correct comparison operator for 'greater than' in PowerShell?
-gt
To output text along with a variable value to the screen in PowerShell, which cmdlet should be used?
Write-Host
In PowerShell, what should a condition evaluate to in selection logic?
$true or $false values indirectly
What keyword is used to create a function in PowerShell?
function
How can you store the output of a command in a variable in Bash by using command substitution?
Placing the command in round brackets preceded by the $ sign
What happens when the output of a command in Bash is more than one line and stored in a variable?
The entire output is converted to a single line and stored in the variable
How can you make a variable available in other bash shells in Bash scripting?
Use the export keyword before the variable name
What is the scope of variables declared in a script in Bash by default?
Local to the script only
In Bash scripting, what effect does 'export' have when used with a variable?
It makes a copy of the variable available in other shell instances
Which symbol is used for command substitution in Bash scripting?
$(
What happens if you declare a variable without using 'export' in a Bash script?
The variable is only accessible within that script instance
How does exporting a variable affect its modifications in Bash?
'export' reflects changes globally across all instances of the shell
What does exporting a variable allow you to do in Bash?
Access the variable across multiple scripts and shell instances
In Bash scripting, what does 'o myVar=$( ls /etc ) o' demonstrate?
Command substitution to assign output to a variable
What is the main focus of information security according to the text?
Protecting information stored, manipulated, and transmitted
Which aspect of information security ensures that only approved individuals can access important data?
Confidentiality
What does authentication aim to achieve in information security?
Verifying the identity of users
In what way do attacks on information security demonstrate increased sophistication?
Attack tools vary their behavior to evade detection
Which element ensures that the individual is who they claim to be in information security?
Authentication
What is a threat vector?
The means by which an attack can occur
Why do organizations find it challenging to provide security for personal devices under BYOD?
Organizations face difficulty in securing a wide array of personal devices
What is a vulnerability in the context of information security?
A flaw or weakness that allows a threat agent to bypass security
How are attacks different due to the availability and simplicity of attack tools?
No longer limited to highly skilled attackers
What defines a threat agent in the context of information security?
A person(s) or element capable of carrying out a threat
Study Notes
Windows Scripting Overview
- Windows supports various scripting languages, including Batch, PowerShell, VBScript, and JScript, which use text files for source code and automate tasks at the operating system level.
- These languages offer basics such as creating and using variables, input from the user and output to the user, use of control structures like if, switch, for, and while, and support for functions and arrays.
Batch File Scripting
- Batch files have a
.bat
or.cmd
extension, with.cmd
being the preferred extension. - Functions in batch files:
- Are defined with a label and a colon
- The body of the function contains any logic and commands
- The last line of a function is usually
exit /B 0
, which exits the script with an error code of zero - Functions don't return to the line of code they are called from
- To call a function, use the
call
keyword followed by the label name and any values to be passed
- Example batch file script:
- Creates folders and files in the Documents directory
- Uses verbs like
Get
,Set
,Start
,Stop
,Out
, andNew
to perform actions
PowerShell
- PowerShell is a powerful scripting language based on .NET
- To get help, use the
get-help
command (cmdlet) - Examples of
get-help
usage:-
get-help
for an overview of the help system -
get-help dir
to get help on thedir
command -
get-help about*
to get a list of conceptual help files -
get-help clear*
to list cmdlets starting with the wordclear
-
Linux Scripting (BASH) Overview
- BASH (Bourne Again shell) is the default shell for most Linux distributions
- Other shells include Korn Shell (ksh), C Shell (csh), and variations like tcsh
BASH Scripting Basics
- Shell scripts are text files that end in
.sh
(but it's not required) - The first line of the script must indicate the shell that should be used to execute the script (
#!/bin/bash
) - Comments start with
#
- To execute a script, change the file permissions for the user, group, and other categories using
chmod ugo+x
orchmod 755
- Example of changing file permissions:
-
chmod ugo+x
adds execute rights to the user, group, and all other users -
chmod 755
sets the file permissions torwx r-x r-x
-
Variables in BASH
- Variables are not declared, and values are assigned using the assignment operator (
=
) - Variables are assigned as strings but can be converted to numbers when necessary
- Access the value of a variable using the
$
sign - Output the value of a variable using
echo
- Input a value using
read
- Bash scripts have access to command line arguments (positional variables) and environment variables.
Test your knowledge of PowerShell commands with this quiz! Identify the corresponding actions to common verbs used in PowerShell commands and understand their functionalities. Learn about using the get-help command to navigate and utilize the help system effectively.
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