Power Systems Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary sources of natural energy used in power systems?

  • Wind, gas, hydro, solar (correct)
  • Fossil fuels, renewable energy, nuclear
  • Nuclear, geothermal, biomass
  • Coal, oil, natural gas

What is the main function of an electric power system?

  • To convert natural energy to electrical energy and transport it to consumers (correct)
  • To convert electrical energy into other forms
  • To generate electricity from natural sources
  • To distribute electricity to consumers

Which of these is NOT a reason why electrical energy is preferred for transportation and control?

  • High power output (correct)
  • High efficiency
  • High reliability
  • Easy to transport

Which of these is NOT a basic requirement of a power system?

<p>Capability to store large amounts of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for converting electrical energy into other forms?

<p>To meet various energy needs of consumers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a power system?

<p>Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Control Equipment, Load and Demand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major factor contributing to the complexity of power systems?

<p>Ideal generation units with constant voltage and frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the governor in a power system?

<p>Controlling the mechanical power output of the turbine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical source of power generation?

<p>Light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the distribution system in a power system?

<p>Delivering electrical power to individual consumers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the quality of electrical power important?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a governor in an electrical power system?

<p>To control the speed of the prime mover and maintain a constant frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of driving uphill on the speed of the car?

<p>Decreases the speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the driver do to maintain a constant speed while driving uphill?

<p>Increase the fuel setting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of operating multiple synchronous generators in parallel?

<p>Improved reliability due to redundancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the voltage regulator in a power system?

<p>Regulating the reactive power output of the generator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the driver in this context?

<p>To adjust the fuel setting based on road conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a major challenge in power system operation?

<p>The unpredictable nature of electrical load. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'infinite bus' in the context of power systems?

<p>A power system with a very large number of generators connected together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the storage of bulk electricity a challenge?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjusting the fuel setting before reaching the desired speed when driving uphill?

<p>To avoid overshooting the desired speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the analogy of driving a car, what does the car's accelerator correspond to in an electrical power system?

<p>The governor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the governor feedback system?

<p>To control the frequency and power output of generators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the AVR in a synchronous generator?

<p>To control the field current and maintain terminal voltage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the load on the engine when the car is driving downhill?

<p>Load decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the governor system do in a power system?

<p>Controls the amount of fuel delivered to the turbine to maintain a desired speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the feedback branch in a closed-loop control system?

<p>It measures the speed of the turbine and sends a signal to the comparator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is turbine power output regulated in a power system?

<p>By controlling the amount of fuel delivered to the turbine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the turbine power output matches the electrical load on the system?

<p>The net power balance becomes zero. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the governor system described as a closed-loop control system?

<p>Because it uses a feedback branch to adjust the fuel flow based on the desired speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a governor in a turbine system?

<p>To regulate the speed of the turbine by controlling the fuel supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the valve in the turbine system respond to changes in turbine speed?

<p>The valve closes when the turbine speed increases, restricting the flow of steam. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the flyballs in the governor move outwards, what does this indicate?

<p>The turbine speed is increasing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'droop' setting in a turbine-governor control system?

<p>To allow for a small variation in turbine speed when load changes occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a turbine-governor control system, what is the role of the controller?

<p>To monitor the speed of the turbine and send a signal to the governor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a 'speed reference' and a 'load reference' in a turbine-governor control system?

<p>Speed reference is the desired speed of the turbine, while load reference is the desired load on the turbine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the servomotor in a turbine-governor control system?

<p>To adjust the valve opening based on the control signal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the exhaust flow in a turbine system?

<p>To remove the waste heat generated during turbine operation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

AVR

Automatic Voltage Regulator which controls the terminal voltage.

Parallel Operation

Connecting multiple synchronous generators to share loads.

Infinite Bus

A grid with so many generators that it can handle large loads interchangeably.

Governor

Device controlling electrical power sources for automatic frequency control.

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Efficiency in Generators

Smaller generators work better near their rated values.

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Governor in Driving

The driver acts as a governor, controlling vehicle speed.

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Desired Speed

The target speed a driver aims to maintain (e.g., 110km/h).

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Increasing Load

Going uphill increases the load on the vehicle, decreasing speed.

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Decreasing Load

Going downhill decreases the load on the vehicle, increasing speed.

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Fuel Adjustment

The driver adjusts fuel settings to control speed, preventing overshoot.

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Bulk Electricity Storage

Bulk electricity cannot be stored, requiring immediate generation and consumption.

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Power Quality Standards

Electrical power must meet minimum standards for voltage, frequency, and reliability.

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Power System Components

Includes generation, transmission, distribution, control equipment, and load/demand.

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Generation Sources

Sources of power like wind, coal, gas, hydro, and solar with specific voltage and frequency.

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Transmission System

Conductors transferring power from generation to locations near loads.

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Distribution System

Network for transferring electrical power to end users (loads).

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Control Equipment

Measures and coordinates the specifications of the power system load and supply.

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Load and Demand

The total power consumed by various devices such as lights, heaters, and motors.

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Governor Feedback System

Controls frequency and power output of generating units in interconnected systems.

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Voltage Regulation

Controls excitation to maintain steady voltage output across the system.

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Closed-loop Control System

A system that uses feedback to compare desired and actual performance.

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Governor System Function

Adjusts fuel automatically to maintain desired speed or frequency.

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Power Balance in Turbines

Power output from turbines matches electrical load under steady conditions.

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Turbine Valve Position

Regulates fluid flow, determining turbine power output.

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Frequency/Voltage Control

Maintains system frequency by adjusting voltage through governor action.

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Power System

An electric power system converts natural energy to electrical energy and transports it to consumers.

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Natural Energy Sources

Sources like wind, gas, hydro, and solar that can be converted into electrical energy.

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Electrical Energy Usage

Electrical energy is mainly converted into heat, light, and mechanical energy during consumption.

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Efficiency of Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is transported and controlled easily, providing high efficiency and reliability.

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Continuous Load Changes

Power systems must handle variations in both active and reactive power demands.

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Basic Mechanical Governor

A device that uses mechanical components like flyballs to regulate turbine flow.

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Flyball

The component in a governor that uses centrifugal force for speed regulation.

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Sliding Collar

A part that moves along a pivot allowing for flow adjustment to turbines.

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Valve Positions

States of a valve: closed, partially open, fully open, affecting turbine flow.

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Turbine Flow Control

Governors regulate flow to turbines based on speed settings.

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Shaft Speed

The rotational speed of the turbine's shaft that the governor controls.

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Error Signal

A signal indicating the difference between desired speed and actual speed.

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Droop

A characteristic of governors where speed decreases as load increases.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course: ELEC 361 Power System Part 1_1
  • Instructor: Babak Nia
  • Office: KA 471-5
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Phone: (403) 210-4485

Power System Overview

  • Main function: convert natural energy to electrical energy, transport to consumption points
  • Natural energy sources: wind, gas, hydro, solar
  • Electrical energy is a convenient form for transport and control due to high efficiency and reliability
  • Most energy consumption is not initially electrical; electrical energy is converted to heat, light, and mechanical energy

Basic Requirements of Power System

  • Must satisfy continuous load changes (active and reactive power)
  • Cost and ecological impact are critical factors
  • Quality must meet minimum standards (constant voltage and frequency, high reliability)

Simple Power System Overview

  • Major components: generation, transmission system, distribution system, control equipment, load and demand
  • Components include power substation, high-voltage transmission lines, transformer, and power poles

Power System Components

  • Generation: power source (wind, coal, gas, hydro, solar) with specific voltage and frequency
  • Transmission system: a good conductor to transfer power from generation to loads
  • Distribution system: a good conductor network to transfer power to loads
  • Control equipment: measures system specifications to coordinate load and supply
  • Load and demand: power consumption by various equipment (lights, heaters, motors)

Why Power System is Complicated

  • Generation units/voltage sources are not ideal
  • Transmission system has inductance, resistance, and capacitance
  • Transmission systems have limited flow capacity
  • Load varies greatly throughout the day
  • Failure of any major component can cause system failure

Objective

  • Investigate the role of the governor feedback system on the control of frequency and power output of generating units in an interconnected power system

Frequency and Voltage Control

  • Components: Governor, Actuator, Turbine Valve, Turbine, AVR, Exciter, PT

Output Control

  • Governor controls the turbine's mechanical power output (real power -P) and maintains steady voltage output
  • Voltage regulator controls the excitation (reactive power -Q)
  • Device controlling frequency is the governor; device controlling terminal voltage is the AVR

Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators

  • Necessary to feed large loads
  • Multiple generators provide reliability; more generators = higher reliability
  • Efficiency is higher when smaller generators are close to rated value (more efficient)
  • Large systems are called "infinite bus"

North American Interconnections

  • A map of North American interconnection areas

Why We Have to Use Governors

  • Electrical power source control is necessary
  • An uncontrolled power source with uncontrolled prime mover operates at undesired frequency and power
  • Governor is an attached device that provides automatic control of frequency

Simple Examples

  • Driving a car at constant speed requires controlling the accelerator (proportional to road slope)
  • Maintaining speed in different road conditions necessitates governor adjustments
  • Governor acts as a feedback system comparing desired speed to actual speed and adjusting accelerator

Governor and Driver

  • Governor is analogous to car driver adjusting to maintain desired speed (frequency)
  • Fuel adjustment is automatic
  • Governor is a closed-loop control system that brings sensor signals to a comparator
  • Comparator generates control signals for precise fuel adjustment

Power Balance

  • Governor-controlled valves regulate prime mover fluid flow to turbines
  • Turbine power output is proportional to valve position
  • Power output matches electrical load under steady conditions
  • Net power balance is zero; system maintains constant speed and frequency

Basic Mechanical-Governor

  • Components: fixed end, flyball, sliding collar, pivot, turbine, open valve area, exhaust

Photos of Governors

  • Pictures of various governors (historical and modern)

Valve Closed/Partially Open/Fully Open

  • Illustrations depicting different valve positions in a mechanical governor

James Watt's Steam Governor

  • Information and images about the historical steam governor design.

Turbine-Governor Control

  • Diagram illustrating the parts in a closed-loop control system that regulates turbine control based on load reference and speed reference

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