Poverty: Definitions, Measurements, and Dynamics

Inhoudsopgave and Hoorcollege 1

• The lectures contents include an introduction, definitions and measurements of poverty, ASU in the welfare state, and the dynamics of poverty
• Poverty is a complex, multidimensional, unclear, and variable problem
• "Tame" problems are easily solved, while "wicked" problems are complex and score high on complexity, uncertainty, and divergence
• Rutte objects to the term 'poverty' in the Netherlands

Table 1: Complexity, uncertainty and divergence

• Complexity of elements, subsystems, and interdependencies is high.
• Uncertainty in relation to risks, consequences of action, and changing patterns is also high.
• Divergence and fragmentation in viewpoints, values, strategic intentions is high.
• Simple problems have easy solutions, like wearing a seatbelt for a clear problem
• Resolving "wicked" issues like poverty requires multiple disciplines to analyze and understand the direct and indirect causes
• Poverty is hard to measure objectively, so some people in poverty may be above the poverty line and vice versa

Ideologische visies op (on)gelijkheid en armoede

• Different ideological views on inequality affect the understanding of its causes and solutions.
• Complexity with poverty means thinking like a qualitative researcher because it is constantly changing and multifaceted
• Working on one aspect of poverty can affect the whole complex, leading to unintended negative consequences
• The Columbus complex is the tendency to rename but not solve poverty, using new terms and concepts

Verzorginsstaat and Materiele aspecten

• Welfare state focuses on pragmatic solutions, addressing the problem rather than its causes
• People may enter poverty differently than they can exit it, so pragmatic solutions are best even when causes are hard to address
• Social welfare and social policy alter social relations that create inequality and poverty, rather resolving the underlying conditions fundamentally
• Uncertainty involves defining and measuring poverty, and determining when one is poor.
• Complexity is seen in poverty's multi-faceted, multi-dimensional, and multi-causal nature.
• Value divergence involves differing views on conceptualizing, defining, measuring, and the extent of poverty.
• Material aspects include a lack of material resources, like income.
• Non-material aspects include relational and symbolic factors and how people experience poverty

Armoede en begripsinflatie and verzorgingsstaat

• Poverty reproduces itself and the cycle includes stigmatization, shame, guilt.
• Often, networks and industries profit from poverty, including lawyers and advocates
• Immaterial poverty aspects include a lack of hope and negative treatment by others.
• Diagram depicts how immaterial factors and material core interplay in poverty.
• The outer ring contains a lack of opportunities and accumulation of risk and a lack of protection mechanisms in different life domains
• The inner core shows a lack of mental reserves which means the feeling of a lack of power to change

Definition armoede and Armoede vs. Sociale uitlsuiting

• Definition of Poverty: A web of social exclusions across individual and collective life aspects, preventing a life of dignity
• Poverty is related also to stigmatization, power, discrimination and perspectives on poverty leading to the reproduction of it
• Poverty can be conceptualized from different viewpoints and definitions like a absence of welfare
• It varies and depends on time space, place etc

Welfare- Definties van armoede and Conceptualisering van armoede

• Individuals are defined by social relations within social groups, and fair chances are impacted
• Conceptualising what poverty is is difficult, and relative versus absolute definitions are used
• Absolute poverty relates to basic needs but is more of a narrow definition for poverty
• Relative poverty is a broader view of poverty like safety, health, autonomy and equal chances
• Needs for physical survival are often relative because it is related to context and value judgments
• Amartya Sen: Capabilities include food, shelter, avoiding shame, participation, freedom, choice, autonomy.
• The resources needed to meet needs (functionings) vary by time and place (e.g., leather shoes, internet access)
• Capability failure is broader including not limited resources and context
• Key characteristics: contextual phenomenon.
• Poverty leads to social exclusions

Definition of armoede in Nederland and Hoorcollege 2

• "Armoede" is the result of material and immaterial aspects, and that poverty is the result of exclusion
• there needs to be caution with new terms because there are similar meanings already.
• Poverty: poverty is the outcome like poverty, and social exclusion refers to micro and macro processes structures leading to poverty.
• Concept & definition regarding poverty: concept and defining poverty is difficult that is value based
• Contested concept : Lack of agreement in abilities, but social problems do not always get a collective solution.
• Objectiving Poverty is difficult

Armoedemeting and Meting

• Can be hard to to define objectively by determining the moment of poverty
• Measuring Poverty differs depending between what armoede and what the level is of poverty
• Proxy Indicators are being used to measure poverty instead of exact measuring figures
• Absolute versus Relatief is very relevant with the Definition of Fysiek versus Social Aspects

Operationalisering and Budgetstandaard

• Indirect means is using the Income to measure poverty and poverty and Standard is hard to evalue
• operationalizing poverty threshold/range includes choosing indicators and then to identify and look at poverty
• Budgetstandaard: A houshold needs a mimimum Paket to be Able to live
• Originally seen very Basic: nutrition ,Clothe housing

Niet-relatief and Koopkrachtvast

• Is not Relatief that the mimium Paket stayd the total
• is strongly to the time
• ‘Houdbaarheid' of to Goods and Services is Problematic.

SCP and Koopkracht vast vs. Welvaartsvast

• This is not good. Because with Welfare goeas more Money to Extra good stuff to make
• The Armen have more Money but less Money than the to the Extra stuff
• Sociale and Incom is not enough change over time
• Welvaart and Gemidlle Income do so

SCP, NIBUD, and straks ook CBS and Expert

• The Budget is just every 5 Years. There for halb time relatief
• New and the old maat of poverty
• The Most people get poor

Figuren and and EU-indicator

• The People can have Power at 5.7 %
• Most Time lower because of the many Schulde
• The many schuld are from other menssen and to make and make power again

Eurostat and Conclusie

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• There has been a lack of debate between and frameworks for theories of the causes of poverty" Poverty research continues to lack clear theory
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Hoorcollege 3

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Soort herverdeling, Solidarity, en voordelen van Residualisme

• Solidary Beschermin is a Fundamentele benadering Van Welzijn hier is
• Beperte Toagan tot Solidair
• Discrimination op basic van lidmaatschap'
• Ongelike verdeling van vevoordeel

Het idee and Armoede als

• Armoede is an soziale Related op macro niveau that do not do
• Hedendaagse veevoordeel is
• Armoede als tekort de