Sustainable Development Goals (Chapter 1.3)
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Questions and Answers

What is a major consequence of poverty related to environmental degradation?

  • Exploitation of natural resources for survival. (correct)
  • Increased access to clean energy sources.
  • Investment in sustainable agricultural practices.
  • Improvement of urban infrastructure.

What is the definition of sustainable development based on the Brundtland Report?

  • Using resources until they are depleted.
  • Meeting present needs without harming future generations. (correct)
  • Focusing exclusively on economic growth.
  • Maximizing profit for current generations.

Which meeting is credited with spreading the idea of sustainable development?

  • The Paris Agreement.
  • The Kyoto Protocol.
  • The Doha Development Round.
  • The 1992 Earth Summit. (correct)

What percentage of the world's population lives below the international poverty line of $1.90 per day?

<p>10 percent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the high infant mortality rate in least-developed countries?

<p>Inadequate nutrition and basic healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of migration to shantytowns in developing countries?

<p>Increased environmental stress and degradation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brundtland Report is associated with which of the following?

<p>Promoting sustainable development concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate average annual income for people living in the richest countries?

<p>$41,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is known for having a significant portion of the world's wealthiest countries?

<p>North America and Western Europe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much has the average life expectancy in China increased from the early 1960s to today?

<p>34 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world’s population is estimated to live in least-developed countries?

<p>16.7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the per capita GDP of China today compared to less than $200 in the early 1960s?

<p>$12,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological footprint of the average American per year?

<p>9.7 global hectares (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much global hectares would be required to support the entire population of China at American consumption levels?

<p>10 billion gha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is commonly suggested as a reason for decline in urban air pollution despite economic growth?

<p>Better regulation and pollution controls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has doubled in China in less than a decade, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions?

<p>Coal-powered electricity usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environmental costs tend to decrease as communities become wealthier?

<p>Household sanitation issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two basic principles of sustainable development stated by Herman Daly?

<p>Natural resources should not be consumed faster than they are produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as a way to improve people's lives with few natural resources?

<p>Increasing wealth for the already wealthy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sustainable development propose we address the demand for material goods in low-income nations?

<p>By finding new paths to prosperity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect does sustainable development highlight about waste production?

<p>It should not exceed nature's ability to recycle it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is increasing wealth for the already wealthy seen as problematic in the context of sustainable development?

<p>It leads to a wasteful consumption of resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fair trade organizations play in sustainable development?

<p>They assist people in developing countries to produce high-value products for better market prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is noted for producing over half of its electric power from renewable sources by 2015?

<p>Kenya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that sustainable development improves lives without relying on abundant natural resources?

<p>By providing access to health care, education, and clean drinking water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes what sustainable development often entails regarding investments?

<p>Distributing investment to small producers to boost local economies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of renewable electricity did Uruguay achieve after a decade of development?

<p>95 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary aims of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

<p>Eradicate extreme poverty everywhere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which goal specifically addresses the need for affordable and sustainable energy?

<p>Goal 7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target completion year set by the United Nations for achieving the SDGs?

<p>2030 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered essential for ensuring political stability and equity as per the SDGs?

<p>Fair access to resources and opportunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception might policymakers have regarding economic growth and poverty reduction?

<p>Economic growth can benefit everyone if managed well. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which target is specifically mentioned under Goal 12 of the SDGs?

<p>Cutting per capita food waste in half. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the United Nations support for promoting sustainable investment?

<p>Coordinating data gathering and reporting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the goals set forth by the UN, what is a vital aspect of environmental sustainability?

<p>Strong governance and open political systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key success of the Millennium Development Goals regarding education in developing countries?

<p>Primary school enrollment rates increased from 83 percent to 91 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the progress made during the Millennium Development Goals period?

<p>The drop in the proportion of undernourished individuals was nearly 50 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a critical factor in motivating collaborative action towards the Sustainable Development Goals?

<p>Clearly stated goals with quantifiable targets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although progress was made during the Millennium Development Goals, which of the following issues remained largely unaddressed?

<p>Inadequate access to piped drinking water at home (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does international agreement on goals play in development efforts according to the narrative?

<p>It helps motivate financial and planning assistance when needed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of their national income do richer countries need to donate to potentially end extreme poverty by 2025?

<p>0.7 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily amount set aside by the United States for development aid per citizen?

<p>18 cents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to advocates, what is a potential benefit of investing in aid for developing countries?

<p>It will increase global trade by raising living standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What annual financial amount is suggested to abolish extreme poverty and combat infectious diseases over 20 years?

<p>$135 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant source of funding that could help provide development aid according to the text?

<p>Military spending (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much does the U.S. government provide annually in subsidies and tax breaks to oil companies compared to aid needed for poverty alleviation?

<p>$120 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Worldwatch Institute, what are considered the true sources of global instability?

<p>Poverty, disease, and environmental decline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did former Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien imply about aid to developing countries?

<p>It is an investment that can enhance global security. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Poverty and Environment Link

Poverty causes environmental damage because people prioritize short-term survival over long-term sustainability.

Sustainable Development

Meeting current needs without harming future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Improving conditions without environmental harm.

Brundtland Report

1987 report by the World Commission on Environment and Development, defining sustainable development.

Earth Summit

1992 UN meeting in Rio de Janeiro, focused on environmental issues.

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Environmental Degradation

Damage to the environment, often caused by unsustainable practices.

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Poverty and Environment Link

Poverty often forces people to damage the environment in the short term to meet survival needs, harming long-term sustainability.

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Sustainable Development

Meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs, including quality of life, without harming the environment.

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Brundtland Report

1987 report defining sustainable development, pushing for a balance of human needs with environmental protection.

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Earth Summit (Rio)

1992 UN meeting in Rio, Brazil, focused on environmental issues.

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Poverty Line ($1.90/day)

An international standard for measuring poverty, approximately $1.90 per day.

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Impact of Poverty

Poverty significantly affects quality of life with shortages of diet, housing, sanitation, water, education, and healthcare.

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Environmental Degradation caused by Poverty

Poverty can lead to short-sighted decisions that harm the environment, such as deforestation, soil erosion, urban sprawl.

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Richest countries

Countries with an average per capita income above $41,000 per year, primarily located in North America and Western Europe, with Japan, Singapore, and Australia also included.

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Least-developed countries

Countries with an average per capita income below $2,500 per year.

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Middle- or low-income countries

Countries where incomes average above $10,000, but most people are not in extreme poverty.

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Unsustainable consumption

Rich nations consume excessive resources and produce large amounts of pollution, often impacting distant regions.

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China's development

China's economic growth and modernization dramatically improved living standards for many, reducing poverty.

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Chronic Hunger

A widespread condition of hunger experienced by millions in the early 1960s.

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Per Capita GDP Growth in China

China's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased significantly, jumping from less than $200 to over $12,000.

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China's resource consumption

The average Chinese person consumes significantly fewer resources (2.1 gha) compared to the average American (9.7 gha).

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Ecological footprint

A measure of the resources a person or population consumes.

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Impact of economic growth(China)

Economic growth in China has led to increased pollution, such as double coal power use in a decade.

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Average American consumption

A representation of American citizen’s consumption level that takes up 9.7 global hectares of resources each year.

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Pollution and economic growth(historical)

In general, pollution tends to increase with economic growth in developing economies; however, sometimes pollution levels decrease as countries grow wealthier, due to improvements in regulations and controls.

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Environmental costs and development

Environmental costs sometimes fall as development improves; for instance, communities can invest more in water resources as they develop.

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Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs without harming the environment.

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Resource Consumption

Using natural resources faster than they can be replaced.

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Waste Production

Producing waste faster than nature can recycle it.

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Development Paths

The ways regions progress economically.

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Resource-intensive

Using a lot of resources.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of human development considering factors like education and health, not resource usage.

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Wealthy vs. Development Costs

Increasing wealth for already wealthy is more resource intensive than basic necessities for the poor (like healthcare, water).

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Sustainable farming

Farming practices that protect wildlife habitat, soil, and water.

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Small producer investment

Distributing investment to small producers to improve local economy.

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Fair trade

Organizations helping developing countries sell high-value products using traditional methods.

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Climate action innovations

New ideas for reducing climate change, often from developing countries.

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Renewable energy sources (Kenya)

Kenya using geothermal, wind, and solar for most of its electricity.

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Renewable electricity (Uruguay)

Uruguay achieving almost all electricity from renewable sources.

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Resource-intensive development

Development requiring high resource usage.

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Basic access improvements

Improving health care, education, water, and pollution control.

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Wealth increase of wealthy

Increasing the wealth of the already wealthy.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 ambitious, global goals to improve living conditions and preserve the environment, set by the UN, aiming to be met by 2030.

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Eliminating extreme poverty

A target within the SDGs, aiming to eradicate severe poverty.

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Affordable, sustainable energy access

SDG goal focusing on increasing energy efficiency and clean energy investment.

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Sustainable consumption and production

SDG goal emphasizing reducing waste and promoting sustainable resource use.

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Economic growth (as development path)

A widely believed but not always sufficient path to societal progress, improving living standards, and generating resources.

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Equity for development

Ensuring that the benefits of wealth creation are distributed fairly and that everyone shares in progress, not just some.

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Political stability and democracy

Crucial elements for achieving equitable development, resource allocation, and opportunity distribution.

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Environmental sustainability

Sustainability often associated with open political systems and effective governance.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 ambitious global goals set by the UN to improve living conditions and preserve the environment, aiming to be achieved by 2030

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Eight goals set from 2000 to 2015, focusing on improving development areas like literacy, health, and water access.

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Extreme poverty reduction (MDGs)

Significant drop in extreme poverty from nearly half the developing world's population to 14% in 15 years.

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Quantifiable targets (SDGs)

Clearly defined and measurable goals within the SDGs.

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Global cooperation (SDGs)

International efforts to achieve the SDGs, motivating action and financial assistance.

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Improved Primary School Enrollment

Increase in primary school enrollment rates from 83% to 91% in developing countries.

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Successful anti-poverty movement (MDGs)

Significant progress in reducing poverty, called the most successful anti-poverty campaign by the UN Secretary General.

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Extreme Poverty

Living on less than $1.90/day, lacking basic necessities.

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Development Aid

Financial assistance from richer countries to poorer ones.

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0.7% Aid Target

A proposed level of national income dedicated to development aid by richer nations.

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Sachs' Proposal

Economist Jeffery Sachs' idea that extreme poverty can be eradicated by 2025 with increased development aid.

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US Development Aid

The US provides only 0.16% of its GDP to development aid compared to other nations.

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Investment in Development

Providing assistance to developing countries is an investment in the future, not just charity.

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Global Military Spending

The amount of money spent on military operations worldwide each year compared to the cost of eliminating global poverty.

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Shifting Funds

Redirecting funding from military spending to development aid for greater global safety.

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Poverty, Disease, and Environment

These factors are the key drivers of global instability, according to the Worldwatch Institute.

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Justice and Peace

Working towards justice creates a foundation for lasting peace.

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Study Notes

Poverty and Environmental Degradation

  • Poverty and environmental protection are interconnected.
  • Poor people often prioritize short-term survival over long-term sustainability.
  • To feed families and obtain fuel, they clear forests and cultivate unsuitable land, leading to soil erosion.
  • Many migrate to shantytowns around major cities.

Sustainable Development

  • Sustainable development is a key concept in modern environmental thought.
  • It aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
  • This was defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report.

Brundtland Report and the Earth Summit

  • The Brundtland Report, published in 1987, led to the 1992 Earth Summit.
  • The Earth Summit occurred in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • The Rio meeting brought together diverse groups to address environmental concerns.

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