Poverty and Development Quiz

A measure of income inequality within a population. A higher Gini coefficient indicates greater inequality. It is calculated as the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality, to the area of the triangle under the line of perfect equality.

A graphical representation of income distribution. It shows the cumulative percentage of income against the cumulative percentage of the population, ordered from lowest to highest income. The more bowed the Lorenz curve is, the greater the income inequality.

The deprivation in well-being of individuals due to insufficient income or consumption to reach a basic standard of living.

The average amount of income shortfall for the poor population in an economy. It represents the average distance each poor individual is from the poverty line.

A measure of poverty that considers multiple dimensions beyond income, including education, health, and living standards.

The average poverty gap in an economy. It represents the average distance each individual in the economy is from the poverty line.

A multidimensional poverty index (MPI) used to measure global poverty. Specifically, it considers 3 dimensions (health, education, standard of living) and 10 indicators. Individuals are considered multidimensionally poor if they are deprived in at least one-third of the dimensions.

A method of identifying multidimensionally poor individuals by setting cutoff levels within each dimension of deprivation and establishing a threshold for the number of dimensions in which a person must be deprived to be considered multidimensionally poor.

Improvements in medicine, nutrition, and sanitation have significantly reduced mortality rates, leading to longer lifespans.

The rapid increase in population, particularly in developing countries, is driven by a shift from high birth and death rates to lower death rates but still relatively high birth rates.

A high proportion of children in developing countries puts a significant strain on the workforce, as they need to support a larger number of dependents.

Population pyramids illustrate the age structure of a population, showing how the proportion of different age groups changes over time.

The process of a population transitioning from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a changing age structure.

A growing working-age population can lead to economic growth or challenges, such as unemployment, depending on factors like job opportunities.

The theory that unchecked population growth leads to resource scarcity, which in turn limits economic growth and increases poverty.

Malthus argued that the fixed amount of land for food production could not keep up with population growth, leading to food shortages and economic decline.

The theory proposes that families make conscious choices about the number of children they want based on economic factors.

The costs include the lost income of the mother who is raising children, plus the expenses of educating them.

The benefits of children can include potential income from them working, and them providing financial support to their aging parents.

Families will have fewer children when the cost of raising them increases. Higher education and job opportunities for women are key examples.

The theory suggests that women who receive more education are more likely to have fewer children.

The theory predicts lower fertility in areas with increased non-agricultural jobs for women at higher wages.

The theory suggests that improved healthcare and social security programs can reduce concerns about having enough children to support aging parents.

Contraceptives can decrease fertility by making family planning more accessible. However, how they are provided is crucial.

In households, the decision to have more children is often a joint one, influenced by the couple and their social circles.

Social norms, media, and even religion can influence a society's fertility rates. Seeing smaller families on TV, or observing a trend among peers, can encourage the adoption of contraceptives.

The long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.

Long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth's local, regional, and global climates.

Actions to reduce emissions that cause climate change.

Actions taken to adapt to the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events and rising sea levels.

Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as taxes on carbon, caps on emissions, and subsidies for green technologies.

Strategies to adjust to the impacts of climate change, such as early warning systems, infrastructure improvements, and enhancing natural ecosystems.

A situation where the immediate benefits of prevention are not apparent, particularly for people living in poverty who may prioritize immediate needs over long-term consequences.

A problem where developing countries contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, often due to rapid industrialization and economic growth.

The belief that sons are more valuable than daughters, often leading to discrimination and unequal treatment of girls.

Investments in a person's education, health, and other skills that increase their productivity and earning potential.

The idea that increasing incomes alone doesn't guarantee improvements in children's education and health.

Work that is dangerous or harmful to children, or that prevents them from attending school.

The benefits that an individual receives from investing in their own education, such as higher earnings or job satisfaction.

The benefits that society as a whole receives from individuals getting an education, such as a more skilled workforce or lower crime rates.

The situation where the private returns to education are higher than the social returns, often occurring at higher education levels.

The relationship between education and health, where improvements in one can lead to better returns on investments in the other.

Amartya Sen's theory that development should focus on expanding people's capabilities, including their ability to live long and healthy lives and to access education.

Women in developing countries often face significant disadvantages in areas like poverty, education, health, and social rights.

A situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a shared resource, even when it's detrimental to the long-term well-being of the group.

Costs or benefits that affect parties not directly involved in a transaction, such as pollution from a factory affecting nearby residents.

A good that is non-excludable (everyone can benefit) and non-rivalrous (one person's use doesn't reduce another's).

A good that is harmful or detrimental to everyone and its consumption can't be prevented.

A tax imposed on activities that generate negative externalities, aiming to internalize the external cost.

A government-imposed limit on the amount of a specific resource that can be used.

A system where the right to use a resource is bought and sold, allowing efficient allocation and reducing overuse.

A situation where individuals overuse a common resource because they don't bear the full cost of their actions.

Taxes on fossil fuels aimed at reducing their consumption and promoting alternative energy sources.

Government-imposed limits on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed.