Poverty and Development Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does a higher Gini coefficient indicate?

Greater equality

Greater inequality (correct)

Higher economic growth

Greater poverty

How is the Average Poverty Gap (APG) calculated?

APG = TPG + N

APG = TPG / N (correct)

APG = TPG * N

APG = N / TPG

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)?

Education

Living standards

Health

Environmental stability (correct)

What is required for someone to be classified as multidimensionally poor?

Deprivation in at least one third of the dimensions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines poverty?

A pronounced deprivation in well-being (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Average Income Shortfall (AIS) measure?

Extent to which poor persons fall below the poverty line (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to poverty measurements?

Access to luxury goods (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Lorenz curve is true?

The 45-degree line represents perfect equality (D) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the decline in mortality rates in developing countries?

Improved sanitation measures (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the age structure in developing countries?

A relatively youthful population (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Malthus, what is the relationship between population growth and resource availability?

Limited resources mean higher population growth is unsustainable (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a high youth dependency ratio in developing countries?

Reduction in workforce productivity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon marks the demographic transition in a population?

A rise and then fall of the working-age population fraction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant impact of the transition from high birth and death rates?

Rapid growth of world population due to lower death rates (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why do developing countries face a potential crisis regarding their growing workforce?

High levels of unemployment leading to inequality (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomas Malthus predict about food supply in relation to population growth?

Food production would not keep pace with population growth (B) Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to improve outcomes for women in societies with son preference?

Increased opportunities for women in the labor market (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a dimension in which women in developing countries are worse off?

Access to advanced technology (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does health capital directly affect education?

Healthier students learn more effectively (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the investment in children's education and health?

Income increase does not guarantee improvements in children's education (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of child labor as per the international labor organization?

Work that is morally harmful and impedes schooling (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can the preference for sons be mitigated, according to the provided content?

By improving opportunities and aspirations for women (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the relationship between health and education?

Healthier individuals usually have lower educational depreciation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested regarding girls' education when parents learn about economic returns?

Parents invest more in girls, leading to better outcomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a market failure in education and health mentioned?

Uneducated mothers have healthier children (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do direct and indirect costs relate to education?

Direct costs include tuition, while indirect costs include forgone income from not working (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of health care policies in poor countries?

Regulate the quality of treatment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant barrier faced by poor individuals regarding health education?

Difficulties in accessing health information (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to global warming as described in the content?

Fossil fuel burning (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT mentioned as a solution for climate change mitigation?

Increase meat consumption (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation in the context of climate change?

Mitigation focuses on reducing emissions, while adaptation deals with adjusting to climate effects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major source of emissions identified in developing countries?

Coal plants and automobiles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is highlighted for mitigating climate change?

Phasing out fossil fuels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation policy can help prevent disasters in vulnerable communities?

Implementing early warning systems (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary economic motivations for families to have fewer children?

Higher cost of child-rearing (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a decrease in fertility rates according to microeconomic theory?

Higher female education (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does access to contraceptives influence fertility rates?

The manner of providing contraceptives matters (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does female autonomy play in fertility decisions?

It decreases the likelihood of unwanted pregnancies (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Zambia, how did the provision of free contraceptive vouchers affect women's behavior?

Women were more likely to visit healthcare providers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What societal factors can influence fertility decisions?

Social norms and media representation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the demand for fewer children?

Decrease in employment opportunities for women (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children in developing countries as described in the economic framework?

First children are viewed as 'consumer goods' (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential benefits parents expect from having more children?

Expected income from child labor (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is likely to discourage large families according to empirical studies?

Increased female education and employment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of the tragedy of the commons?

The conflicting interests of private and social incentives (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of public goods?

They provide benefits to everyone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended solution to reduce pollution from common resources?

Implementation of corrective taxes or regulations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What design principle proposed by Elinor Ostrom involves monitoring resource usage?

Monitoring with accountability to users (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which policy option is most beneficial for improving resource management in both developed and developing countries?

Improved economic alternatives for the poor (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which negative externality is associated with congested roads?

Environmental degradation from increased emissions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major impact of poor environmental conditions in urban slums?

Higher rates of respiratory illnesses (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way governments can address market failures related to the environment?

Implement corrective taxes on resource use (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a public bad?

Clean water (B) Signup and view all the answers

What environmental issue is commonly linked to deforestation in developing countries?

Higher rates of emissions due to land use changes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Development

Movement up strata is often gradual, sometimes rapid and transformative, occurring during a single person's life.
Development is about improving well-being, broadly understood, not just income.
The New Economic View of Development emphasizes capabilities, focusing on the quality of life individuals can achieve, influenced by the UN development index.
Sen's capability approach stresses opportunities to use commodities for well-being, rather than just the commodities themselves.

Causality and Policy Evaluation

Impact: the causal effect of one factor on another.
Regression analysis explains variation in an outcome using explanatory variables.
A counterfactual is what would have happened without intervention, not directly observed.
The selection problem exists when treated are different from untreated, impacting accurate impact measurement. Differences must be controlled for in a regression

Economic development measures and growth

Traditional methods include GNI and GDP, using purchasing power parity to avoid exchange rate issues.
The World Bank classifies countries based on GNI per capita as low, lower-middle, upper-middle, or high-income.
GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by residents of a country. GDP is the national output produced within a country.

New Human Development Index (NHDI)

NHDI uses a geometric mean rather than an arithmetic mean to compute the index.
It considers health (life expectancy, school attainment), education (average and expected schooling), and income (GNI per capita PPP).

Poverty and Inequality

Extreme income inequality hinders efficiency (smaller savings rates, inefficient allocation of assets).
Inequality may cause instability and social conflict.
Income and expenditure measures are used to define poverty.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The MPI considers deprivations in health, education, and standard of living.
A person is identified as multidimensionally poor if they are deprived in at least one-third of the dimensions

Population and Fertility

Declines in mortality, improved nutrition, and spread of modern sanitation are factors behind population growth.
Demographic transition involves changes in birth and death rates.
Stages in this transition include high birth/high death rates, falling death rates, and then both rates stabilizing.
Population control policies are implemented in some countries.

Gender

Gender inequality persists in some countries.
Sex-selective abortion can impact sex ratios.
Societies' preferences and cultural norms affect whether girls or boys are valued in some regions.

Economic Value of Women

Women's economic roles, particularly in the workforce, are influenced by education, cultural and social factors.
Son preference is a driver of gender inequality; this is particularly true when people believe that investment in daughters doesn't offer an adequate return

Health and Education

Children's health impacts education outcomes (e.g., attendance, achievement).
Better health and education yield higher productivity in the economy.

Child Labor

Child labor is prevalent in many developing countries.
It is a major form of economic exploitation and also impacts opportunities for education

Environment and Development

Global warming and long-term heating of the Earth's surface is occurring; this is caused by increases in greenhouse gas levels.
Climate change impacts include fluctuations in average weather patterns.
Mitigation and adaptation strategies for dealing with the impacts of climate change are being explored and implemented.

Risk and Insurance

Informal insurance networks can protect against risk but are limited in scope and applicability

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to poverty measures, demographic transition, and the implications of age structure in developing countries. This quiz covers definitions, calculations, and various indices used to measure poverty, as well as insights into Malthusian theory and mortality rates. Perfect for those studying social economics or development studies.