Postwar Republic in the Philippines

An agency of the US Army responsible for post-war relief in the Philippines.

The process of freeing the Philippines from Japanese occupation during World War II.

Filipino groups opposing Japanese occupation during WWII; military and civilian.

The re-establishment of the pre-war Philippine government in 1945.

Pre-war government employees demanding their salary.

Concerns about individuals who worked with the Japanese during the war.

The elections following the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese rule to select new officials.

A court created to decide on people who collaborated with the Japanese.

The 1947 amendment giving American citizens equal economic rights with Filipinos in the Philippines.

A political party formed by members of the Hukbalahap, a communist rebel group, after World War II.

President of the Philippines (1953-1957) known for his charisma and 'man of the people' approach.

Magsaysay's success was due to his charisma, popularity, and effective approach to dealing with the Huks.

Programs aimed at development and improvement of communities, often implemented alongside military activities.

Quirino's presidency was marked by economic recovery but overshadowed by corruption and cronyism.

Corruption continued under Garcia, relying on the Nacionalista Party machine and local elites.

The 'quilt' analogy describes the state of governance as a mixture of good and corrupt practices.

Manuel Roxas won the 1946 presidential election, becoming the first president of the independent Philippines. He was backed by the US, MacArthur, Quezon's widow, and Paul McNutt.

The Philippine Commonwealth, established in 1935, ended on July 4, 1946, when the US recognized the Philippines as an independent nation.

The Philippines faced significant economic difficulties after World War II due to heavy damages, destruction, slow production, and lack of funds for rehabilitation.

The Treaty of General Relations between the US and the Philippines established ties between the two nations and the US provided military bases. The Philippines also agreed to take on the debt the US had for them.

The Hukbalahap (or 'Huks') were a communist guerilla group that fought against the Japanese during the war. After the war, they continued their struggle against the government, calling for land reform and social justice.

Post-war Philippines experienced rampant corruption and cronyism as a few individuals benefited from the treaties and government programs. This led to public dissatisfaction and political instability.

The Plebiscite of 1947 was a vote on the Parity Rights amendment, which allowed US citizens equal rights to exploit natural resources. The Democratic Alliance Party supported the amendment, demonstrating American influence in Philippine politics.

Government-owned companies that provide services and operate businesses in key sectors.

An agency established to deliver government assistance to farmers.

An executive body responsible for creating and implementing a nationwide economic plan.

A policy of reducing government spending and encouraging Filipinos to live simply.

A policy promoting Filipino-owned businesses and discouraging foreign competition.

A policy controlling the allocation of foreign currency, aiming to protect local industries.

A policy allowing farmers to lease land from the government, aimed at improving their lives.

Widespread corruption, including bribery, influenced by the Nacionalista Party leaders.

The 1986 Presidential Elections were held during a period of political unrest in the Philippines, leading to the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and the rise of Corazon Aquino.

National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) was a non-partisan organization that monitored the 1986 Presidential Elections, challenging the legitimacy of Marcos's victory and reporting inconsistencies in the vote count.

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) was the official body tasked with overseeing the 1986 Presidential Elections, but its credibility was called into question due to its declaration of Marcos as the winner, which many saw as a manipulated result.

A group of reformist military officers led by Gringo Honasan, who sought to restore professionalism and honor to the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and opposed the corruption and abuse of power under Marcos.

On February 22, 1986, Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel Ramos, key figures in the RAM movement, held a press conference, publicly challenging Marcos's authority and calling for reforms, which sparked the events leading to People Power Revolution.

The Moro National Liberation Front, a group fighting for Muslim autonomy in the Philippines, founded in 1972. They demanded self-determination for Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan.

A proclamation issued by President Marcos on September 21, 1972 that declared Martial Law in the Philippines, citing a 'grave threat to national security'.

President Marcos suspended democratic rights, including freedom of speech, press, and assembly. He also dissolved Congress, seized emergency powers, and implemented a curfew.

A new constitution implemented in 1973 that shifted to a parliamentary form of government, with a Prime Minister as head of government.

A peaceful uprising in 1986, protesting against the Marcos regime. This movement led to the overthrow of Marcos and the installation of Corazon Aquino as president.

A commission established to investigate the assassination of former Senator Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr. The commission consisted of lawyers, businessmen, and educators.

Martial Law had long-lasting effects on the Philippines, including over-centralization of power, declining judicial independence, and deterioration of democratic institutions.

Catholic communities formed in the Philippines under Marcos' regime. They provided a space for people to express dissent against the Marcos' regime and promote social change.