Postwar Republic in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

What was the significance of February 15 in the 1986 Presidential Elections?

  • Aquino-Laurel alliance was formed.
  • Enrile and Ramos held a press conference.
  • Technicians protested at the COMELEC Tabulation Center.
  • Marcos was declared the winner by the Batasang Pambansa. (correct)

    • Which event triggered the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) to consider staging a coup d'état?

  • Enrile's arrest by Marcos. (correct)
  • The call for professionalism in the military.
  • The assassination of a political rival.
  • Support from Ramos for the reformists.

    • In terms of historical narrative, what does the phrase 'History is not memorizing, but memory itself' imply?

  • History focuses mainly on dates and events.
  • Historical facts should be memorized for examinations.
  • Remembrance is not important for understanding history.
  • History should be viewed as a collection of personal and societal stories. (correct)

    • What was a primary goal of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM)?

    <p>To restore professionalism and honor in the military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary task of guerrilla groups during the liberation of the Philippines?

    <p>Ambushing enemy soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event signified the restoration of the Commonwealth in the Philippines?

    <p>Return to Manila on February 27, 1945</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) play after the war?

    <p>Distributing relief supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence for collaborators after the war?

    <p>They faced jail and ostracism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political party was formed from the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party?

    <p>Liberal Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two leaders returned to the Philippines during the liberation effort?

    <p>MacArthur and Osmeña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Roosevelt declare regarding collaborators in June 1944?

    <p>They should be held accountable and removed from authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the Agricultural Tenancy Act?

    <p>To organize a shared tenancy and leasehold system for farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration is known for the 'Filipinos First Policy'?

    <p>Garcia Administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did E. Garcia's austerity measures encourage among Filipinos?

    <p>Living simply to counter consumer culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program was established to deliver government assistance to farmers?

    <p>Presidential Assistant for Community Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reason contributed to Magsaysay's popularity?

    <p>His charm and connection with the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which financial institutions did E. Garcia’s administration rely on for economic stability?

    <p>World Bank and IMF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did Macapagal face in his administration?

    <p>Corruption permeating his administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What overshadowed Quirino's efforts to stabilize the economy?

    <p>Accusations of corruption and cronyism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the National Economic Development Plan?

    <p>To create a comprehensive national economic development strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did the Democratic Alliance Party pose regarding constitutional amendments?

    <p>They were against granting parity and opposed electoral fraud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who completed the term of Magsaysay after his death?

    <p>E. Garcia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the governance under Garcia?

    <p>His administration was characterized by a mixture of good governance and corruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group primarily supported Magsaysay during his rise to power?

    <p>Military, Catholic Church, and labor groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty required the Philippines to assume all debts and obligations that the United States had after the Treaty of Paris?

    <p>Treaty of General Relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who supported Roxas during his political efforts following the war?

    <p>Quezon’s widow and Paul McNutt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the military bases agreement in the Philippines?

    <p>Growing resentment toward American influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major issue faced by the Philippines after World War II?

    <p>Rampant graft and corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the state of governance during Garcia's administration?

    <p>Ramifications of corruption and inefficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the relationship with the military have on Magsaysay's leadership?

    <p>It strengthened his popularity and influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the bad economic conditions after the war?

    <p>Destruction of properties and livelihoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group continued to resist American influence after the establishment of independence?

    <p>Huk Rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Parity Rights establish regarding the relationship between the Philippines and the US?

    <p>Amendments to the Philippine constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event related to the MNLF was publicly announced on September 23, 1972?

    <p>Public recognition of Muslim autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of governance was modified in the 1973 Constitution?

    <p>Modification to a parliamentary form of government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was accused of killing Ninoy Aquino, leading to the formation of the AGRAVA Commission?

    <p>Military personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of the Martial Law period in the Philippines?

    <p>Centralization of executive power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant effect on civil rights during Martial Law?

    <p>Curtailment of freedom of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution saw a decline in its independence during the Martial Law period?

    <p>Judiciary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a feature of the Basic Ecclesiastical Communities (BECs) during the Martial Law era?

    <p>Critical collaboration for change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which report from the AGRAVA Commission alleged military conspiracy in the death of Ninoy Aquino?

    <p>Minority Report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Postwar Republic in the Philippines

    • Liberation and Situation After the War:
      • US Army agency (PCAU) focused on relief distribution.
      • Commonwealth re-established in Leyte (October 1944), then Manila (February 27, 1945).
      • Manuel Roxas became Senate President.
      • Issues of back pay for government employees and collaboration with Japanese.
      • Roosevelt's stance: collaborators removed from authority.
      • People's court established to address collaborators, many were jailed or ostracized.
      • Liberation involved military (USAFFE), peasant, and labor groups (HUKBALAHAP).
      • Tasks included ambushing/killing enemy soldiers, eliminating spies, and counter-propaganda.
      • Island-hopping campaign extended Allied base to Philippines.
      • Leyte chosen as landing point.
      • Yamashita to lead the fight against the Americans.
      • MacArthur and Osmeña returned to Leyte (Oct 20, 1944); Osmeña re-established the Commonwealth.
      • Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct 24-26, 1944) key naval battle.
      • Japanese suicide pilots (kamikaze) involved.
      • Manila liberated (March 3, 1945).
      • Japanese surrendered August 15, 1945, and signed terms of surrender September 2, 1945.
      • Economic conditions after the war were poor, with heavy damages and losses, destruction of sources of livelihood, and slow production.
      • Funds were lacking to finance rehabilitation projects such as railways, causing further issues.

    1946 Elections

    • Osmeña vs. Roxas, April 23, 1946
    • Roxas won election with support from MacArthur, Quezon's widow, and US High Commissioner.
    • Commonwealth ended on July 4, 1946.
    • US recognized the Philippines as an independent nation.

    Postwar Administrations (Roxas, 1946-1948)

    • Treaties:
      • Ties with the US
      • Parity rights amendment of the Constitution
      • Democratic Alliance Party (1947 plebiscite).

    Roxas Administration

    • Treaties: Ties with the US (Parity Rights and Democratic Alliance Party in 1947).
    • Corruption and graft: prevalent, with benefits concentrated on few individuals.
    • Problems included cronyism, system spoils, and widespread corruption.
    • Roxas died in 1948 leading to Quirino taking over.

    Central Bank under Quirino (1948-1953)

    - Balance of Payments Crisis due to import demands, corruption, and overpricing
- Central Bank formed to control currency and credit.
- Implemented currency controls and forex controls.

    Huk Rebellion

    • Negotiations with the Huks failed, leading to continued armed struggle.
    • The context of Cold War influenced the situation, and the US advised Quirino to appoint Magsaysay as Defense Secretary.

    Garcia Administration (1957-1961)

    • Austerity: Filipinos encouraged to live simply, and the Philippines First Policy was active.
    • Nationalization of Industry: Policy that provided forex controls on dollars and import controls.

    Magsaysay Administration (1953-1957)

    • Civic Action Programs: Magsaysay (a charismatic leader) was supported by the military, Catholic Church, and labor/peasant groups.
    • Programs and reforms focused on increasing the executive office's powers, improving management of budgets, and development plans (including agricultural programs, tenancy acts, and community development).
    • Corruption: Corruption remained rampant during his term.

    Macapagal Administration (1961-1965)

    • Economic Strategy: An attempt to improve economic stability by lifting import controls, relying on international financial institutions (IMF, WB).
    • Corruption: Corruption continued, despite efforts to consolidate economic progress.

    1965-1969: Marcos First Term

    • Economic Liberalization: Investment Incentive Act of 1967 aimed at increasing productivity. Focused on rural infrastructure and "Green Revolution".

    Growing Tensions and Martial Law

    • Violence and Chaos: Associated with the communist movement.
    • Oplan Sagittarius: Benigno Aquino exposes plan by Marcos to place country under control of Philippine Constabulary.
    • Declaration of Martial Law: September 23, 1972, under Proclamation 1081.
    • Initial Impacts: Concentration of power, military role increase, roles of technocrats, and suppression of the communist movement.

    1973 Constitution

    • Modified parliamentary government.
    • Prime Minister as head of government.

    Martial Law Period and EDSA People Power Revolution:

    • Subsequent Impacts: Over-centralization of executive power, decline of judicial autonomy, increased military involvement, widespread human rights violations, and decline in both social and economic conditions.
    • Opposition and Assassination: Aquino's assassination on August 21, 1983, sparked anti-Marcos sentiment leading to the EDSA Revolution.
    • EDSA Revolution: Series of protests and rallies ultimately led to Marcos stepping down in 1986.
    • 1986 Elections: Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, won the presidency.

    Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM):

    • Young military members wanted to restore professionalism and pride in the Armed Forces.
    • Enrile and Ramos were sympathetic to their cause.
    • The reformists decided to stage a coup, but it was postponed by events.

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    Philippine History: Liberation and Postwar Period PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical events and changes in the Philippines following World War II. This quiz covers the re-establishment of the Commonwealth, key figures, and military actions that defined this tumultuous period. Test your knowledge on the liberation process and the aftermath of the war.

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