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Questions and Answers
What type of action does a conventional transmitter NOT perform?
What type of action does a conventional transmitter NOT perform?
- Muscarinic receptor binding (correct)
- Channel activation
- Modulation
- Neurohormonal signaling
Which statement best describes the action of a transmitter?
Which statement best describes the action of a transmitter?
- It is determined by the postsynaptic receptors that bind it. (correct)
- It functions independently of receptor characteristics.
- It solely relies on its intrinsic properties.
- It can only activate nicotinic receptors.
What is the primary characteristic of muscarinic ACh receptors?
What is the primary characteristic of muscarinic ACh receptors?
- They only function in the peripheral nervous system.
- They are primarily associated with neurohormonal functions.
- They engage in slow modulatory signaling. (correct)
- They exclusively mediate rapid channel activation.
Which factor is critical for the action of a transmitter?
Which factor is critical for the action of a transmitter?
What role does a neurohormone play in signal transmission?
What role does a neurohormone play in signal transmission?
What is the primary substrate for true choline esterase?
What is the primary substrate for true choline esterase?
Which type of acetylcholine receptor is associated with the actions of nicotine?
Which type of acetylcholine receptor is associated with the actions of nicotine?
How long does it take to regenerate true choline esterase?
How long does it take to regenerate true choline esterase?
Which of the following substances is classified as an antagonist?
Which of the following substances is classified as an antagonist?
What characterizes true choline esterase compared to other types of acetylcholinesterases?
What characterizes true choline esterase compared to other types of acetylcholinesterases?
What do electrical synapses primarily consist of?
What do electrical synapses primarily consist of?
How many identical subunits compose each connexon in electrical synapses?
How many identical subunits compose each connexon in electrical synapses?
What is the primary function of gap-junction channels in electrical synapses?
What is the primary function of gap-junction channels in electrical synapses?
What defines the communication method at chemical synapses as opposed to electrical synapses?
What defines the communication method at chemical synapses as opposed to electrical synapses?
In chemical synapses, what role do receptors on the postsynaptic cell play?
In chemical synapses, what role do receptors on the postsynaptic cell play?
What distinguishes the structure of electrical synapses from chemical synapses?
What distinguishes the structure of electrical synapses from chemical synapses?
At which synapse type is a specialized region of contact evident?
At which synapse type is a specialized region of contact evident?
What is the primary characteristic of communication through electrical synapses?
What is the primary characteristic of communication through electrical synapses?
Which components are specifically found in the presynaptic part of chemical synapses?
Which components are specifically found in the presynaptic part of chemical synapses?
What happens at the specialized region of contact between two neurons in an electrical synapse?
What happens at the specialized region of contact between two neurons in an electrical synapse?
What is the primary function of memantine in neurological conditions?
What is the primary function of memantine in neurological conditions?
Which condition is remacemide primarily indicated for?
Which condition is remacemide primarily indicated for?
What is the most likely side effect of riluzole?
What is the most likely side effect of riluzole?
Which substance is the end product of aerobic glycolysis in neurons?
Which substance is the end product of aerobic glycolysis in neurons?
What distinguishes memantine from other NMDA antagonists?
What distinguishes memantine from other NMDA antagonists?
Astrocytes primarily store which molecule to support neuronal metabolism?
Astrocytes primarily store which molecule to support neuronal metabolism?
Which substance is released presynaptically to signal neuron activation?
Which substance is released presynaptically to signal neuron activation?
What percentage of blood plasma typically consists of glucose?
What percentage of blood plasma typically consists of glucose?
Which type of receptor does remacemide primarily act on?
Which type of receptor does remacemide primarily act on?
What effect does glutamine have in the process of neurotransmission?
What effect does glutamine have in the process of neurotransmission?
What is the primary site of synthesis for pseudo choline esterase?
What is the primary site of synthesis for pseudo choline esterase?
Which type of receptor is associated with autonomic ganglia and the brain?
Which type of receptor is associated with autonomic ganglia and the brain?
What effect does pseudo choline esterase have on exogenous acetylcholine?
What effect does pseudo choline esterase have on exogenous acetylcholine?
Which M receptor type is involved in smooth muscle responses in structures like the gut and airway?
Which M receptor type is involved in smooth muscle responses in structures like the gut and airway?
Where is pseudo choline esterase not found?
Where is pseudo choline esterase not found?
Which M receptor type is associated with cardiac effects?
Which M receptor type is associated with cardiac effects?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nicotinic receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nicotinic receptors?
Which type of muscle is primarily affected by M2 receptors?
Which type of muscle is primarily affected by M2 receptors?
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Study Notes
Postsynaptic Neurotransmitter Mechanisms
- Postsynaptic receptors are critical for neurotransmitter action, located on dendrites.
- Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release and receptor binding, while electrical synapses use gap-junction channels for direct cell-to-cell communication.
- Electrical synapses involve connexons (hemichannels) that create a continuous communication bridge.
Distinguishing Features of Synapse Types
- Electrical synapses allow rapid signal transmission, characterized by low distance between cells and direct ion flow via connexons.
- Chemical synapses require neurotransmitter release, have a synaptic cleft, and function through receptor interactions.
Key Neurotransmitters in Glycolysis
- Glucose and lactate are essential substrates in both neuronal and astrocytic metabolism.
- Glutamate and its receptors play a significant role in excitatory neurotransmission, with potential drugs targeting NMDA receptors to manage neurological diseases.
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
- Memantine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist used for Alzheimer's, interacting with Mg²⁺ binding sites.
- Riluzole inhibits glutamate release presynaptically and blocks postsynaptic effects, used in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis treatment.
Acetylcholine Receptors
- Two main receptor types: nicotinic (ionotropic) and muscarinic (metabotropic).
- Nicotinic receptors mediate depolarization at neuromuscular junctions; muscarinic receptors are involved in various autonomic functions.
Acetylcholinesterase Enzymes
- True choline esterase is specific for acetylcholine, vital for life, regenerating slowly over 120 days.
- Pseudo choline esterase is nonspecific, found in plasma and organs, rapidly hydrolyzing exogenous acetylcholine.
Cholinergic Pathways and Functions
- Muscarinic receptors (M1 to M5) are distributed across the heart, brain, and various glands, modulating multiple physiological processes.
- Nicotinic receptors are found in autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, playing a role in muscle contraction and neurotransmission.
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