Postmenopausal Hormones and Bleeding

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the hallmark for initiation of postmenopause?

Final menstrual period (FMP)

What hormone levels increase with age in postmenopausal women with intact ovaries, reaching premenopause levels by age 70?

Total testosterone levels

What is a possible explanation for higher levels of androgens in some postmenopausal women?

Ovarian stromal hyperplasia and luteinization

What type of bleeding should be formally evaluated in postmenopausal women, even if it appears to be accompanied by a normal menstrual cycle and premenstrual molimina?

Unscheduled postmenopausal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What factors are associated with lower testosterone levels in women older than 65 years during early postmenopause?

White ethnicity, lower BMI, oral estrogen, and corticosteroid use Signup and view all the answers

What type of menopause is associated with lower testosterone levels?

Surgical menopause Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between early and late postmenopausal women in terms of reproductive endocrine function and somatic aging process?

Early postmenopausal women experience more significant changes in reproductive endocrine function, while late postmenopausal women experience more limited or no further changes in reproductive endocrine function but greater effects of the somatic aging process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of induced menopause?

Bilateral oophorectomy is the most common cause of induced menopause. Signup and view all the answers

How is natural menopause defined, and how is it determined?

Natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses because of loss of ovarian follicular activity. It can only be determined retrospectively after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea after the FMP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the menopause transition, according to STRAW+10?

The menopause transition is defined as the time before the FMP when the menstrual cycle becomes variable or other menopause-related symptoms begin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of androgen production in postmenopausal women?

Androgen production is significant in postmenopausal women because it can affect hormone levels and contribute to genitourinary symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Is it possible for women to experience menstrual bleeding after menopause, and what might be the cause?

Yes, it is possible for women to experience menstrual bleeding after menopause, and the cause may be due to hormone replacement therapy, polyps, or other underlying medical conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of anovulatory cycles in women as they progress through the menopause transition?

The number of anovulatory cycles increases. Signup and view all the answers

How do progesterone levels change during the menopause transition, specifically from STRAW+10 stages −3 to −1 and +1?

Progesterone levels show a linear decline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of estradiol levels in anovulatory cycles that ended in bleeding compared to those in ovulatory cycles?

Estradiol levels are comparable. Signup and view all the answers

How do estradiol levels differ in obese women compared to women of normal weight during the menopause transition?

Obese women have higher estradiol levels in anovulatory cycles and lower premenopause yet higher postmenopause estradiol levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in estradiol levels between women of different ethnic groups during the menopause transition?

Chinese and Japanese women have lower estradiol levels than white, black, and Hispanic women. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in FSH concentrations between black women and women of other ethnicities during the menopause transition?

FSH concentrations are higher in black women. Signup and view all the answers