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Questions and Answers
What is the shape of the right adrenal gland?
What is the shape of the right adrenal gland?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex?
What anatomical structure is found cranially to the adrenal glands?
What anatomical structure is found cranially to the adrenal glands?
Where does the inferior adrenal artery originate from?
Where does the inferior adrenal artery originate from?
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Which statement about nephrolithiasis is correct?
Which statement about nephrolithiasis is correct?
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What structures primarily compose the bony part of the posterior abdominal wall?
What structures primarily compose the bony part of the posterior abdominal wall?
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Which muscles are included above the iliac crest in the muscular part of the posterior abdominal wall?
Which muscles are included above the iliac crest in the muscular part of the posterior abdominal wall?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
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What comprises the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia?
What comprises the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia?
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Which part of the urinary system is responsible for collecting urine from the renal pyramids?
Which part of the urinary system is responsible for collecting urine from the renal pyramids?
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Which of the following statements about the psoas minor muscle is true?
Which of the following statements about the psoas minor muscle is true?
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What is the longest segment of the urinary system?
What is the longest segment of the urinary system?
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Which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia separates the deep back muscles from the quadratus lumborum?
Which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia separates the deep back muscles from the quadratus lumborum?
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Where is a kidney stone most likely to be lodged as it crosses from the kidney into the ureter?
Where is a kidney stone most likely to be lodged as it crosses from the kidney into the ureter?
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What triggers the contraction of the detrusor muscle during micturition?
What triggers the contraction of the detrusor muscle during micturition?
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Which part of the urinary bladder is triggered to contract during the urge to urinate?
Which part of the urinary bladder is triggered to contract during the urge to urinate?
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What is the anatomical relationship of the fundus of the bladder in males?
What is the anatomical relationship of the fundus of the bladder in males?
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What anatomical structure is located on the inferior surface of the bladder?
What anatomical structure is located on the inferior surface of the bladder?
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Which ligament connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
Which ligament connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
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What structure lies superior to the urinary bladder?
What structure lies superior to the urinary bladder?
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What is the main function of the detrusor muscle?
What is the main function of the detrusor muscle?
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Which artery is least likely to contribute to the blood supply of the ureter?
Which artery is least likely to contribute to the blood supply of the ureter?
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Which anatomical space is situated between the urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis?
Which anatomical space is situated between the urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis?
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What structure is located between the medial umbilical ligaments and the median umbilical ligament?
What structure is located between the medial umbilical ligaments and the median umbilical ligament?
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Which space is unique to males and located between the urinary bladder and the rectum?
Which space is unique to males and located between the urinary bladder and the rectum?
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What is the term for the hollow space located behind the interureteric crest in the bladder?
What is the term for the hollow space located behind the interureteric crest in the bladder?
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Which structure forms the three corners of the trigone of the bladder?
Which structure forms the three corners of the trigone of the bladder?
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Which ligament specifically extends from the urinary bladder to the uterus?
Which ligament specifically extends from the urinary bladder to the uterus?
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What type of muscles extends from the rectum to the anterior wall of the neck of the urinary bladder?
What type of muscles extends from the rectum to the anterior wall of the neck of the urinary bladder?
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What is the name for the internal opening of the urethra in the bladder?
What is the name for the internal opening of the urethra in the bladder?
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Which of the following structures does NOT play a role in the fixation of the bladder?
Which of the following structures does NOT play a role in the fixation of the bladder?
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Which of the following is true about the mucosa of the trigone of the bladder?
Which of the following is true about the mucosa of the trigone of the bladder?
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Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
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Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
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Which statement is true regarding the anatomical position of the kidneys?
Which statement is true regarding the anatomical position of the kidneys?
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Which of the following layers serves as the outermost covering of the kidney?
Which of the following layers serves as the outermost covering of the kidney?
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What is the hilum of the kidney?
What is the hilum of the kidney?
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Which segment is NOT a segment of the kidney?
Which segment is NOT a segment of the kidney?
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What is the primary composition of the renal cortex?
What is the primary composition of the renal cortex?
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How many renal pyramids are typically found in the renal medulla?
How many renal pyramids are typically found in the renal medulla?
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Which type of fat surrounds the kidney and serves as a protective cushion?
Which type of fat surrounds the kidney and serves as a protective cushion?
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What occurs to the position of the kidneys during respiration?
What occurs to the position of the kidneys during respiration?
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Which muscle is found below the iliac crest in the muscular part of the posterior abdominal wall?
Which muscle is found below the iliac crest in the muscular part of the posterior abdominal wall?
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What is the role of the thoracolumbar fascia?
What is the role of the thoracolumbar fascia?
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Which part of the urinary system is responsible for directing urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis?
Which part of the urinary system is responsible for directing urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis?
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Which of the following structures is located anterior to the psoas major muscle?
Which of the following structures is located anterior to the psoas major muscle?
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Which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia serves as the aponeurotic origin of the latissimus dorsi?
Which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia serves as the aponeurotic origin of the latissimus dorsi?
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From where does the ureter transport urine in the urinary system?
From where does the ureter transport urine in the urinary system?
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What anatomical structure covers the psoas major and iliacus muscles?
What anatomical structure covers the psoas major and iliacus muscles?
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Which structure is responsible for collecting and storing urine before excretion?
Which structure is responsible for collecting and storing urine before excretion?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
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Which arterial supply specifically contributes to the adrenal glands?
Which arterial supply specifically contributes to the adrenal glands?
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Where do nephrolithiasis stones most commonly form in the urinary system?
Where do nephrolithiasis stones most commonly form in the urinary system?
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In terms of anatomical relationships, what is located dorsally to the adrenal glands?
In terms of anatomical relationships, what is located dorsally to the adrenal glands?
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What is the function of the cortex in the adrenal gland?
What is the function of the cortex in the adrenal gland?
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Where is a kidney stone most likely to be obstructed as it travels down the ureter?
Where is a kidney stone most likely to be obstructed as it travels down the ureter?
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Which blood supply artery is NOT involved in supplying the ureter?
Which blood supply artery is NOT involved in supplying the ureter?
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What is the primary role of the detrusor muscle during urination?
What is the primary role of the detrusor muscle during urination?
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Which part of the urinary bladder is primarily responsible for the urge to urinate?
Which part of the urinary bladder is primarily responsible for the urge to urinate?
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Which anatomical structure lies directly anterior to the urinary bladder?
Which anatomical structure lies directly anterior to the urinary bladder?
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What structure connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
What structure connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
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In females, which structure is located posterior to the urinary bladder?
In females, which structure is located posterior to the urinary bladder?
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Which space is found between the urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis?
Which space is found between the urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis?
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Which artery is vital for the blood supply of the urinary bladder in females?
Which artery is vital for the blood supply of the urinary bladder in females?
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What triggers the activation of the sacral parasympathetic system during bladder contraction?
What triggers the activation of the sacral parasympathetic system during bladder contraction?
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Which structure supplies the medulla of the kidney?
Which structure supplies the medulla of the kidney?
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Where is the ureter likely to get constricted?
Where is the ureter likely to get constricted?
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Which blood vessels course along the border between the renal cortex and medulla?
Which blood vessels course along the border between the renal cortex and medulla?
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What type of veins correspond to the capsular branches?
What type of veins correspond to the capsular branches?
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What anatomical feature is found at the pelvic brim concerning the ureter?
What anatomical feature is found at the pelvic brim concerning the ureter?
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Which organ is directly related to the ureter as it passes through the intramural part?
Which organ is directly related to the ureter as it passes through the intramural part?
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What term describes the network of capillaries where filtration of blood occurs in the kidney?
What term describes the network of capillaries where filtration of blood occurs in the kidney?
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What anatomical feature plays a crucial role in the flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?
What anatomical feature plays a crucial role in the flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?
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What anatomical structure corresponds with the straight venules exiting from the peritubular capillary network?
What anatomical structure corresponds with the straight venules exiting from the peritubular capillary network?
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In terms of lymphatic drainage from the kidney, where do the lymphatic plexuses from the parenchyma, fibrous capsule, and fat capsule terminate?
In terms of lymphatic drainage from the kidney, where do the lymphatic plexuses from the parenchyma, fibrous capsule, and fat capsule terminate?
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Which muscle is responsible for the contraction of the bladder during urination?
Which muscle is responsible for the contraction of the bladder during urination?
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What is the primary function of the internal urethral sphincter?
What is the primary function of the internal urethral sphincter?
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Which artery provides blood supply to the urinary bladder?
Which artery provides blood supply to the urinary bladder?
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Which part of the male urethra runs through the prostate?
Which part of the male urethra runs through the prostate?
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What type of muscle composes the external urethral sphincter?
What type of muscle composes the external urethral sphincter?
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What functional role do trigonal muscles play in urine function?
What functional role do trigonal muscles play in urine function?
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How long is the female urethra typically?
How long is the female urethra typically?
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Which structure prevents semen from flowing into the bladder during ejaculation?
Which structure prevents semen from flowing into the bladder during ejaculation?
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Which lymphatic drainage node is associated with the urinary bladder?
Which lymphatic drainage node is associated with the urinary bladder?
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What type of muscle tissue is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?
What type of muscle tissue is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?
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Study Notes
Posterior Abdominal Wall
- Extends from the 12th rib to the pelvic brim; consists of bones, muscles, and fasciae.
- Supports retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Components
-
Bony Part: Formed by L1-L5 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and transverse processes.
- Upper part includes the inner surfaces of the 12th rib.
- Lower part comprises the iliac fossa.
-
Muscular Part:
- Above iliac crest: psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis.
- Below iliac crest: psoas major and iliacus muscles.
-
Fasciae:
- Psoas major and iliacus covered by fascia iliaca.
- Quadratus lumborum enclosed in anterior and posterior layers of thoracolumbar fascia.
- Psoas minor present in 60% of individuals; located anterior to the psoas major.
Thoracolumbar Fascia
- Composed of three layers:
- Posterior Layer: Aponeurotic origin of latissimus dorsi; covers deep back muscles.
- Middle Layer: Separates deep back muscles from quadratus lumborum.
- Anterior Layer: Covers quadratus lumborum ventrally.
Overview of the Urinary System
- Kidneys: Filter blood plasma; produce urine.
- Renal Calices: Collect urine from renal pyramids to renal pelvis.
- Renal Pelvis: Continues to ureter.
- Ureter: Longest segment, connects renal pelvis to bladder.
- Urinary Bladder: Hollow organ behind pubic symphysis.
- Urethra: Terminal segment; different lengths in males and females.
Kidney Functions
- Plasma filtration, waste excretion, acid-base homeostasis, blood pressure regulation (via renin), hormone secretion (erythropoietin), vitamin D metabolism.
Location of the Kidney
- Retroperitoneal space, opposite T12-L3; occupies epigastric, hypochondriac, lumbar, and umbilical regions.
- Right kidney slightly lower due to liver; left kidney closer to the median plane.
- Long axes directed downward and laterally; move approximately 2.5 cm during respiration.
Coverings of the Kidney
- Paranephric Fat: Surrounds kidney, located between retrorenal layer and transversalis fascia.
- Renal Fascia: Comprised of prerenal (anterior) and retrorenal (posterior) layers.
- Perinephric Fat: Fat capsule surrounding the kidney.
- Fibrous Capsule: Loosely covers kidney; firmly attached at hilum.
External Structures of the Kidney
- Superior Pole: Covered by suprarenal gland.
- Hilum: Vertical slit on medial border for renal vessels and pelvis.
Internal Structures of the Kidney
- Renal Cortex: Composed of glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules.
- Renal Medulla: Contains renal pyramids (8-15), intermediate tubules, and collecting ducts.
Blood Supply of the Ureter
- Supplied by renal artery, internal iliac artery, superior vesicular artery, middle rectal artery.
- Males have additional supply from testicular artery and artery to ductus deferens; females receive supply from ovarian and uterine arteries.
Urinary Bladder
- Subperitoneal organ that collects urine; releases via contraction of detrusor muscle.
- Mechanism of urination involves increased bladder tension, activating the sacral parasympathetic system to trigger detrusor contractions.
Parts of the Urinary Bladder
- Body: Covered by peritoneum.
- Fundus: Proximal to rectum (male) or vagina (female).
- Neck: Continuous with urethra; prevents semen from entering bladder in males.
- Apex: Directed towards pubic symphysis.
- Median Umbilical Ligament: Extends from apex to umbilicus.
Syntopy of Urinary Bladder
- Anterior: Pubic symphysis; posterior: rectum (males), vagina (females).
- Superior: Small intestine (males), uterus (females); inferior: prostate (males), urogenital diaphragm (females).
Internal Structures of the Bladder
- Ureteric Orifices: Slit-like ureter openings with no sphincters.
- Trigone: Triangular area formed by ureteric and internal urethral orifices.
- Interureteric Crest: Fold between ureteric openings.
Fixation of the Bladder
- Smooth muscles and ligaments provide structural support.
- Ligaments include rectovesical, pubovesical, and vesicouterine ligaments (females).
Adrenal Gland
- Positioned on upper poles of kidneys at T11-T12 level; right adrenal gland triangular, left semilunar.
- Cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; medulla secretes catecholamines.
Blood Supply of the Adrenal Glands
- Supplied by superior, middle, and inferior adrenal arteries.
- Venous drainage through suprarenal veins into IVC (right) and renal vein (left).
Nephrolithiasis
- Kidney stones form in collecting ducts; may affect entire urogenital tract.
- Localization and size influence symptoms; small stones can be asymptomatic.
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
- Extends from the 12th rib to the pelvic brim.
- Composed of bones, muscles, and fasciae, providing support to retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
- Bony Part: Includes bodies, intervertebral discs of L1-L5, and transverse processes; divided by the iliac crest into upper (inner surfaces of 12th rib) and lower (iliac fossa) sections.
- Muscular Part: Above iliac crest consists of psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis; below includes psoas major and iliacus.
- Fasciae: Psoas major and iliacus covered by fascia iliaca; quadratus lumborum enclosed by anterior and posterior layers of thoracolumbar fascia.
- Psoas minor muscle present in only 60% of the population, located anterior to psoas major.
THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA
- Comprises three layers:
- Posterior Layer: Origin of latissimus dorsi, covering deep back muscles.
- Middle Layer: Firm membrane separating deep back muscles from quadratus lumborum.
- Anterior Layer: Covers the ventral surface of quadratus lumborum.
OVERVIEW OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
- Kidneys: Filter blood plasma to produce urine.
- Renal Calices: Minor and major calices transport urine from renal pyramids to renal pelvis.
- Renal Pelvis: Collects urine, continuous with ureter.
- Ureter: Longest segment of the urinary system, connecting renal pelvis to urinary bladder.
- Urinary Bladder: Hollow organ behind the pubic symphysis for urine storage.
- Urethra: Final segment with female and male variations for urine excretion.
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY
-
Arteries:
- Arcuate arteries (two).
- Interlobular arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerular capillary plexus, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta.
-
Venous System:
- Stellate veins, interlobular veins, straight venules, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, and renal veins (right and left).
REGIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HILUM OF THE KIDNEY
- Renal vein and renal artery (four anterior segmental branches) and renal pelvis.
- Types of renal calices: ampullary and branching.
URETER
- Muscular tube that transports urine via peristaltic movements.
-
Parts of Ureter:
- Abdominal part in retroperitoneal space.
- Pelvic part in lesser pelvis.
- Intramural part passing through the bladder.
-
Constrictions:
- Pelviureteric junction.
- Pelvic brim at common iliac artery.
- Uretero-vesical junction entering bladder.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE URETER
- Supplied by renal artery, internal iliac artery, superior vesicular artery, and middle rectal artery (plus specific arteries in males and females).
URINARY BLADDER – VESICA URINARIA
- Subperitoneally located organ collecting and releasing urine through detrusor muscle contractions.
- Micturition process triggered by bladder tension and sacral parasympathetic activation.
-
Parts:
- Body of bladder covered by peritoneum.
- Fundus, neck, apex, and median umbilical ligament connecting to umbilicus.
SYNTOPY OF URINARY BLADDER
- Anterior: Pubic symphysis.
- Posterior: Rectum (males), vagina (females).
- Superior: Small intestine (peritoneal cavity), uterus (females).
- Inferior: Prostate (males), urogenital diaphragm (females).
MUSCLES INVOLVED IN MICTURITION AND CONTINENCE
- Detrusor Muscle: Three layers innervated by parasympathetic system.
- Sphincter Vesicae: Circular smooth muscle at bladder neck innervated by sympathetic system.
- Trigonal Muscles: Control the opening of urethral and ureteral orifices.
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE URINARY BLADDER
- Arteries: Superior and inferior vesical arteries from umbilical and internal iliac arteries.
- Veins: Vesical venous plexus drains into internal iliac vein.
- Lymphatic Drainage: Paravesical nodes to common iliac nodes.
URETHRA
- Female Urethra: Length of 2.5 to 4 cm, divided into intramural, pelvic, and perineal parts.
- Male Urethra: Approximately 20 cm long with four segments: intramural, prostatic, intermedia, and spongiosa.
ADRENAL GLAND
- Paired organ with right triangular and left semilunar shapes, positioned on upper poles of kidneys.
- Blood Supply:
- Superior, middle, and inferior adrenal arteries from respective sources.
- Venous Drainage: Right into IVC, left into left renal vein.
NEPHROLITHIASIS
- Kidney stones form in collecting ducts; can affect the urogenital tract.
- Size and localization determine symptoms; small stones may be asymptomatic.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall, including its structure from the 12th rib to the pelvic brim. It includes details on the bony components, muscles, and fasciae that support retroperitoneal organs. Test your knowledge of this essential anatomical region!
