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Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

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Questions and Answers

What are the classic clinical features of symptomatic (active) kala-azar?

High fever, marked splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and severe cachexia

What is the typical evolution of the illness in oligosymptomatic children with kala-azar?

Intermittent fever, weakness, loss of energy, and gradual spleen enlargement

What are the complications associated with the terminal stages of kala-azar?

Massive hepatosplenomegaly, profound pancytopenia, jaundice, edema, ascites, frequent bleeding episodes, secondary bacterial infections

What may be risk factors for the development and more rapid evolution of active visceral leishmaniasis?

Younger age at the time of infection and underlying malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive diagnosis method for Leishmaniasis?

Demonstration of amastigotes in tissue specimens by direct microscopy or isolation of the organism by culture Signup and view all the answers

What are the common treatments for Leishmaniasis?

Pentavalent antimonies, Amphotericin B, Pentamidine isethionate, Paromomycin, Recombinant human interferon-γ, Miltefosine Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects associated with Pentavalent antimonies treatment?

Fatigue, arthralgia, elevated liver enzymes, hematological manifestations, cardiac toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevention method for Leishmaniasis?

Avoiding exposure to sandflies by using insect repellent and mosquito netting, controlling infectious reservoir, treating patients Signup and view all the answers

What are the common skin manifestations of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis?

Hypopigmented, erythematous, or nodular lesions commonly involving the face (around chin and nose) and trunk. Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to be the cause of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis?

It is thought to be caused by the treatment and complete eradication of the parasite in the circulation, leading to its escape to the tissue and causing the skin reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differential diagnoses of Visceral Leishmaniasis according to the text?

<ol> <li>Malaria 2. Military tuberculosis 3. Brucellosis 4. Typhoid fever 5. Amebic liver abscess 6. Infectious mononucleosis 7. Lymphoma and leukemia 8. Schistosomiasis.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the laboratory investigations mentioned in the text for Visceral Leishmaniasis?

I. CBC: pancytopenia (severe anemia, leucopenia, & thrombocytopenia) II. LFT: Elevated liver enzymes. III. Serology: Indirect fluorescence assay or ELISA with recombinant antigen (K39). Signup and view all the answers