Post-Independence India

• India faced the rehabilitation of refugees and the integration of princely states after Partition.
• Post-partition, Indian states were reorganized based on the languages spoken by the people.

Five Principles of Panchsheel

• Respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
• Non-aggression
• Non-interference in domestic affairs
• Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
• Peaceful coexistence

Objectives of SAARC

• Promote peace and cooperation between India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and Maldives

Schemes to Deal with Unemployment

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
• Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana
• National Rural Livelihood Mission
• National Urban Livelihood Mission
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
• Skill India
• Stand-up India

Integration of Princely States into the Indian Union

• Around 560 princely states existed across India at the time of Independence.
• The British gave princely states the option to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is largely credited with integrating these states into the Union of India.
• Patel was known as the 'Iron Man of India' for his efforts.
• The integration of Junagarh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir proved more challenging than other states.

Indian Agriculture Post-Independence

• India focused on improving its agriculture after independence.
• A significant amount of agricultural land that produced raw materials went to Pakistan after partition.
• Dams were constructed to increase agricultural production and generate power.
• Farmers were taught modern techniques and provided with seeds and fertilizers.
• Banks offered loans at special rates to poor farmers.
• The increasing number of farmer suicides indicates there is still work needed to economically support farmers.

Non-Aligned Movement

• After World War II, countries divided into hostile power blocs, one led by the USA (First World/Western Bloc) and the other by the USSR (Second World/Eastern Bloc).
• These blocs engaged in the Cold War.
• Nehru made sure India would not be forced to align with either bloc and coined the term 'non-alignment'.
• India and other newly independent countries launched the Non-Aligned Movement.
• These countries, known as the ‘Third World,’ included many developing countries and former colonies.

Troubled India-Pakistan Relationship

• The relationship between India and Pakistan has been full of conflict since Partition.
• Kashmir is the main source of friction.
• Cross-border terrorism continues to create tension.
• India's assistance in the Bangladesh freedom struggle strained relations with Pakistan.
• Nuclear weapons acquisition by both nations has increased mistrust.
• A resolution to cross-border terrorism in Kashmir is needed for cooperation.

Socio-Economic Challenges in India Today

• India has many religions; differences have led to violent clashes.
• India is the second-most populous country with overpopulation, leading to strain on resources.
• Early marriage, ignorance, and lack of education have contributed to overpopulation.
• Lack of education opportunities causes unemployment.
• The government made the Right to Education a Fundamental Right to combat illiteracy.
• Schools were built, and scholarships were instituted.
• Adult literacy programs started.
• Social workers are educating people.
• Industries and infrastructure projects are underway to combat unemployment.