SOG 21-24

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the standardized plan mentioned in the text?

To establish communication protocols during a firefighting operation

To provide guidelines for positive pressure ventilation at structure fires (correct)

To develop strategies for managing highrise fires

To outline procedures for conducting search and rescue operations

Why is it crucial to have a ventilation exhaust or exit in the burned area?

To prevent firefighters from entering the structure

To increase the pressure inside the building

To avoid pushing the fire into unburned areas (correct)

To create a blow torch effect

What problem may occur if firefighters or victims stand at windows during positive pressure ventilation?

Improved visibility inside the structure

Decrease in toxic fumes exposure

Enhanced cooling effect

Worsening fire conditions at the exhaust openings (correct)

What should be done to protect adjacent exposures when a 'blow torch' effect occurs?

Position attack lines appropriately Signup and view all the answers

Why should a fire stream not be directed into an operating PPV exit point?

To prevent worsening fire conditions for firefighters at the exit point Signup and view all the answers

When should positive pressure ventilation begin according to the text?

Once all interior operations are accounted for Signup and view all the answers

Where should the Rehab location be situated according to the text?

Upwind and at a higher level Signup and view all the answers

What should the Rehab location be accessible to, according to the text?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured regarding the engine exhaust from the Rehab Unit?

It should not contaminate the Rehab area Signup and view all the answers

What should the Rehab Group Supervisor do according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What resources should be provided to personnel in the Rehab area according to the text?

Hydration, shade/shelter, cooling, medical evaluation equipment, and food for long-term incidents Signup and view all the answers

What should the Company Officer do according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should Rehab Group Personnel do according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How long should personnel remain in the Rehab area according to the text?

Both a and c Signup and view all the answers

What will be done for personnel entering the Rehab area according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What will personnel in the Rehab area do with their turnout gear?

Remove it for passive/active cooling Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if the picture displayed on the screen becomes distorted?

Check if the carrying strap is in front of the lens Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of 'White Out' in a TIC?

Aiming at a very hot object or flame Signup and view all the answers

How often should batteries in the TIC be rotated and charged?

Weekly on Fridays Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended after using the TIC on an incident?

Thoroughly clean and dry it before returning it to its case Signup and view all the answers

What should users do if they notice more than one bar of discharged battery on the TIC?

Charge the TIC with the provided charger Signup and view all the answers

What is important when filling SCBA with onboard cascade according to procedures?

Valves must be closed during filling Signup and view all the answers

How should SCBA bottles be removed after filling them using a booster pump?

Close fill valve, open door, close bottle valves, open whip valves, open bleeder valve Signup and view all the answers

'White Out' in a TIC renders it useless because __________.

The sensor becomes overloaded and shows all white on display Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended after using a TIC on an incident?

Clean and dry it before storing it Signup and view all the answers

Why should users check periodically for tightness of screws on a TIC?

To ensure no loose parts affect its operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) in fire and rescue operations?

To provide safer navigation in a space with zero visibility due to smoke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the second most critical exposure that would receive PPV (Positive Pressure Ventilation) after the initial fire room?

The exposure room Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of creating an opening in the attic and/or wall leading to the involved fire room?

To allow for pressurization and prevent fire impingement Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using a TIC on the fatigue of interior fire crews?

It reduces the fatigue of interior crews Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of lack of visibility on the fireground?

The products of combustion, primarily smoke Signup and view all the answers

How does a TIC work to provide vision capability in a zero-light environment?

It translates a thermal picture into an electrical picture and then a visual image Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using a TIC for suppression crews during interior fire attack?

It allows them to execute a faster, more effective interior attack Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed use for a TIC in fire and rescue operations?

To monitor the temperature of a building's exterior walls Signup and view all the answers

Why does heavy smoke cause a zero visibility condition on the fireground?

The smoke particles scatter and block the light waves, preventing them from penetrating the smoke Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using positive pressure ventilation (PPV) in a structure?

To direct the airflow to the desired area and clear smoke Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended placement of the PPV fan in relation to the structure?

The fan should be placed at the optimal distance to effectively charge the structure with air Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for clearing smoke in an attic fire?

Ensure a charged hoseline is ready for extinguishment and an 'exit' for PPV exhaust is in place Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach if a structure has a 'sealed' attic space with no pre-existing vent openings?

Open a vertical wall on one end of the attic or cut a vent hole in the roof to create an exhaust point Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for using PPV in a multi-story or high-rise building?

Establish a Ventilation Sector to coordinate all aspects of PPV on all floors, using multiple fans as needed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective when using PPV for exposure control in common attic spaces?

To introduce PPV ahead of a moving fire and force it back into the fire area Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for using PPV to protect exposures?

Place the fan(s) at the possible entry point for the most severe exposure and create a temporary opening to allow smoke exit Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action after the smoke has cleared in a structure being used for exposure protection?

Close the temporary opening and seal the building to maintain the positive pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach if the stairwell closest to the fire is not the best choice for pressurization in a multi-story or high-rise fire?

Use a stairwell on the opposite side of the fire area, but maintain a controlled exhaust flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with using a stairwell for pressurization in a multi-story or high-rise fire?

The stairwell may not be able to be pressurized due to automatic smoke exhaust vents Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what allows the Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) to "see" through smoke and mist?

The long wavelength of thermal energy Signup and view all the answers

How do objects appear on the TIC display?

Hot objects appear white, hotter objects appear brighter white, and colder objects appear black to gray Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the TIC when scanning an area?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why might a human victim appear gray or black on the TIC display?

Because the victim is on the floor and appears colder compared to elevated temperatures overhead Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effective barrier for the TIC?

Concrete Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do to ensure they remain oriented in a zero visibility environment when using the TIC?

Carry flashlights, maintain contact with walls, use tag lines, and employ standard firefighting practices Signup and view all the answers

How long can a TIC battery typically last during operation?

20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do to maintain a clear image on the TIC display?

Wipe the lens and screen periodically with a soft cotton cloth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the TIC is NOT true?

It can see through concrete walls Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do when leaving a structure to change their SCBA bottles?

Change the TIC battery unless handing it off to another crew Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of positive pressure ventilation (PPV)?

To rapidly remove heat and smoke from a structure, reducing fire intensification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about PPV fan placement is correct?

A single fan should be placed so the cone of pressurized air just covers the entrance opening Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for ventilating an enclosed room using PPV?

Both methods mentioned in options A and C are recommended Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for providing an exit point when using PPV?

To prevent the fire from spreading as it is forced to the exit point Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about PPV precautions is correct?

Breathing apparatus may be required during overhaul operations when using PPV Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sequence for PPV implementation?

Establish attack lines, notify interior crews, provide exit point, inject positive pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of using PPV for patient survivability?

PPV can improve the atmosphere, increasing patient survivability profiles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of using PPV?

Increasing the fire's ability to intensify and advance Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for injecting positive pressure into an enclosed room using PPV?

Position the fan outside the room, pointing towards the bottom half of the opening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about PPV and search and rescue operations is correct?

Rapid smoke removal by PPV improves the ability to conduct search and rescue operations Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before starting the generator?

Make sure all AC accessory switches are off Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after the engine fires when starting the generator?

Disengage the choke Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rehabilitation process mentioned in the text?

To provide guidance on the implementation and use of the rehabilitation process as a requirement of the Incident Command System (ICS) at an emergency scene or other strenuous physical activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) regarding the Rehab Group?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after the generator is shut down?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after connecting the supply cascade to the Panel Inlet when filling the on-board cascade from an outside air source through the booster?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after closing the fill station?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of turning the knob on the regulator counter-clockwise until it spins freely?

To relieve all tension from the regulator springs and diaphragms Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after connecting the proper coupling to the Regulated Aux. Outlet when filling from the on-board cascade to an outside storage cascade?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to turn on the AC accessories after starting the generator?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)

PPV quickly removes heat and smoke from a building, reducing the fire's ability to intensify and advance.
It pressurizes the inside of the structure to a higher pressure than the outside, creating a forceful exhaust.
This improves the atmosphere, increasing patient survivability and allowing for safer search and rescue operations.

Placement of Fans

Place positive pressure fans at the point of entry from the unburned side of the fire.
A single unit should be placed so that the cone of pressurized air just covers the entrance opening.
For larger openings, multiple fans can be used in a tandem or V-shape formation.

Required Tactical Considerations

Ensure all crew positions are known and notified before PPV implementation.
Positive pressure ventilation must be injected from the unburned side of the fire.
An exit point for the pressurized air must be provided and located in the fire area.

Controlling Air Flow

Air flow from PPV must be controlled throughout the operation.
Too many openings or exit points reduce the effectiveness of PPV.
Windows and doors may need to be closed to direct the air flow to the desired area.

Attic Fires

A charged hose line and an "exit" for PPV exhaust in the attic are required.
Pre-existing vents in the attic space can be used for exhaust.
If necessary, a vent hole in the roof may need to be created.

Multi-Story/High-Rise Fires

Multi-story or high-rise fires require greater coordination and additional fans.
Stairwells can be used to direct air flow from the PPV.

Preventing Fire Spread in Common Attic

PPV can be used for exposure control in common attics or where separating walls may have been breached.
Introduce PPV ahead of a moving fire and force it back into the fire area.

Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) Uses

Provides a safer navigation in zero-visibility environments.
Allows personnel to "see" in zero-visibility environments, increasing search and rescue efficiency.
Enables suppression crews to execute a faster, more effective interior attack.
Reduces fatigue of interior crews and allows for rapid intervention.

Limitations of TICs

Does not provide a three-dimensional view of a smoke environment.
Thermal energy does not travel directly through walls.
Water, plastic, and glass can cause reflective images.
The TIC must be used with the understanding that it is a mechanical device and can fail.

Maintenance and Inspection

The TIC should be inspected daily as part of the equipment check.
The TIC and carrying strap must be thoroughly dry before being returned to the airtight case.
Batteries should be rotated weekly and charged as necessary.

Safety

No operation should preclude good judgment with due regard for the safety of all personnel.
Maintain good situational awareness at all times and be fully prepared to fall back to the "basics" should the TIC malfunction or the battery is depleted.### Filling and Operating Procedures
To ensure safe use of SCBA and booster units, follow procedures for filling, operating, and shutting down the units.
Before starting, close valves "B" and the fill station valve to ensure all valves are closed.
Turn the regulator knob counter-clockwise to relieve tension and springs.

Filling On-Board Cascade from Outside Air Source (Non-Boosted)

Hook up air supply to Panel Inlet and apply pressure.
Open System Fill Valve (Valve A) and then Valve B.
Open bank or banks to be filled.

Filling On-Board Cascade from Outside Air Source (Boosted)

Connect supply cascade to Panel Inlet and apply pressure.
Open Valve A, then open Valve C.
Rotate Storage/Booster valve to Booster.
Open bank to be filled.

Generator Start-up and Shut-down Procedures

Ensure all AC accessory switches are off before starting the generator.
Check fluids (gas and oil) before starting.
Ensure voltage mode switch is in 120/240V position and idle mode switch is in Idle-matic.
Engage choke, then push start; when engine fires, disengage choke.

Filling from On-Board Cascade to Outside Storage Cascade

Connect proper coupling to Regulated Aux. Outlet.
Open bank to be used, then open Valve B and set regulator.
Open Regulated Aux. Outlet valve and outside storage system inlet valve.

Rehabilitation (Rehab) Procedure

Purpose: Provide guidance on rehabilitation process for emergency responders during strenuous activities.
Scope: Applies to all emergency operations and department training exercises where strenuous activity or exposure to heat or cold occurs.
Informal Rehab: Individual companies or crews self-rehab by hydrating with 1-8oz bottle of water.
Formal Rehab: Establish a formal Rehab for long-term incidents (2 or more hours).

Rehabilitation Responsibilities

Incident Commander (IC): Establish Rehab group, designate and assign a group supervisor, ensure sufficient resources, and ensure a Medical Group is available.
Rehab Group Supervisor: Maintain communication with IC, supervise Rehab functions, and ensure accountability and documentation.
Company Officer: Monitor crew's rehabilitation needs, notify IC when crew members need rehab, and maintain crew integrity.
Rehab Group Personnel: Report to Rehab Sector Supervisor, assist in meeting Rehab needs, and document medical monitoring.

Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) Procedure

Purpose: Provide a standardized plan for positive pressure ventilation at structure fires.
Scope: Applies to all fire rescue personnel employing PPV at structure fires.
Precautions: Be aware of potential problems with PPV, including pushing fire into unburned areas, worsening fire conditions, and "blow torch" effect.

Rehab Set-up Procedure

Upon arrival, complete tasks such as setting up portable lights, tents, chairs, and ice chests.
Unload salvage covers and equipment for the Rehab area.
Set up portable toilet facilities and medical evaluation equipment.

Rehabilitation Procedure

Personnel entering Rehab remove turnout gear for passive/active cooling.
Remain in Rehab area until released by Rehab Group Supervisor.
Receive medical monitoring, rehydrate, and rest for at least 10 minutes.
Nutritional snacks may be provided for long-term incidents.

Accountability and Documentation

Companies report to Rehab and check-in as a crew.
Use the Rehab Check In/Out log to record Rehab activities.
Personnel are not released back to service without Rehab Supervisor's approval.

Medical Monitoring

Personnel entering Rehab are vitalized upon entry and departure.
Vital signs include BP, pulse, Sa02, respirations, temperature, and COHb level.
Personnel with certain signs/symptoms are evaluated by a paramedic.

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Description

Learn about the standardized plan for positive pressure ventilation at structure fires, as outlined in specific SOG chapters. Understand the precautions to effectively manage and coordinate positive pressure ventilation to avoid problems.