34 Questions
What do molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest about the relationship between choanoflagellates and animals?
Choanoflagellates are the closest extant relatives of animals.
What feature do choanoflagellates and sponges share, based on cell morphology?
Funnel-shaped collar of microvilli.
What is a characteristic feature of choanoflagellates that helped in capturing bacteria?
Microvilli projections on the cell membrane.
What is the approximate estimated timeframe for the evolution of sponges and the common ancestor of animal phyla?
670-700 mya.
What is the significance of choanoflagellates resembling the ancestral protist?
They are the closest relatives of animals.
From which geological time period do molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest the common ancestor of animals and sponges evolved?
Ediacaran period.
Which subphylum do Choanoflagellates belong to?
Invertebrates
Which period saw the emergence of animals with complex organs and bilateral symmetry?
Cambrian period
Which of the following is a shared, derived trait of Metazoan clades?
Sperm and ova (egg)
In terms of tissue composition, what sets Eumetazoa apart?
True tissues, including muscle and nerve tissues
What type of symmetry is typical of Bilaterians?
Bilateral symmetry
Why are choanoflagellates considered closely related to animals?
Unique cell morphology resembling animal cells.
What advantage(s) does multicellularity provide, according to the text?
Defense against predation.
Which era marked the appearance of whole-body animal fossils dated around 560 mya?
Neoproterozoic Era.
What geological period is associated with the earliest complex, multicellular animal fossils from the Ediacaran biota?
Ediacaran period.
In what period did the rise of marine planktonic algae contribute to increased atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels?
Neoproterozoic Era.
Which event enabled the emergence of various unicellular forms, including protists?
Evolution of eukaryotic cells.
What is the primary evidence supporting choanoflagellates as the living sister group to Kingdom Animalia?
Shared genetic sequences with animals
What is the main difference between animals from the Ediacaran period and those from the Cambrian explosion?
Body symmetry and complexity
Which of the following is NOT a shared, derived trait of metazoan clades?
Radial symmetry
What is the significance of choanoflagellates in understanding animal evolution?
They are the closest living relatives of animals
What is a characteristic feature of Eumetazoa that distinguishes them from other metazoan clades?
True tissues, including muscle and nerve tissues
What provides evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals?
Similarities in DNA sequences
Which trait is a shared, derived feature of Metazoan clades based on the text?
Bilateral symmetry
What characteristic feature distinguishes animals from the Ediacaran period compared to the Cambrian explosion animals?
Complex organs
Why are choanoflagellates and animals hypothesized to share a common ancestor?
Similarities in feeding mechanism
What feature is shared between choanoflagellates and sponge collar cells based on the text?
Finger-like projections capturing bacteria
How did the early animals from the Ediacaran period differ from those in the Cambrian explosion period according to the text?
Complex internal organs
What is a key feature of choanoflagellate cells that supports their close relation to animals?
Cell morphology unique to animal cells
What distinguishes the Ediacaran biota from the Cambrian explosion?
Presence of complex, multicellular animal fossils
What is a shared, derived trait of Metazoan clades?
Cell specialization
What geological era is associated with the rise of marine planktonic algae and increased atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels?
Neoproterozoic Era
What is the estimated timeframe for the evolution of sponges and the common ancestor of animal phyla?
1.7 billion years ago
What characteristic of choanoflagellates supports their close relation to animals?
Cell morphology similar to animal cells
Study Notes
Origin of Animals
- Kingdom Animalia includes a vast diversity of living and extinct species.
- Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that sponges and the common ancestor of other animal phyla evolved 670-700 million years ago (mya).
- This ancestral protist likely resembled modern choanoflagellates, which are flagellated eukaryotes.
Choanoflagellates
- Choanoflagellates are opisthokont protists that are the closest relatives of animals.
- Extant choanoflagellates are small unicellular, heterotrophic protists.
- Microvilli are finger-like projections of the cell membrane that captured bacteria.
- Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates (choano = collar), with a funnel-shaped collar of microvilli at the base of a flagellum.
- ~140 species living as unicellular and colonial forms (stalked or ball-like colonies) in marine and freshwater environments.
Evidence for Choanoflagellates as Animal Ancestors
- DNA sequence homology: Molecular phylogenies confirm choanoflagellates as the closest extant relatives of animals.
- Cell morphology: Choanoflagellate cells and the collar cells of sponges are almost indistinguishable.
- Unique cell morphology: Cells resembling choanoflagellates are found in other animals, but never in non-choanoflagellate protists, plants, or fungi.
Evolution of Multicellularity
- Evolution of eukaryotic cells enabled the emergence of various unicellular forms, including protists.
- Multicellularity evolved independently in multiple lineages, leading to the development of algae, plants, fungi, and animals.
- Evolutionary advantages for multicellularity: cell specialization, increased size and complexity, longer lifespans, and defence against predation.
Fossil Evidence
- Fossil evidence dates the oldest multicellular eukaryotes (algae) to ~1.2 billion years ago (bya), with molecular clock calculations suggesting an origin around 1.7 bya.
- Whole-body animal fossils date from ~560 mya (Neoproterozoic Era [late Proterozoic]).
- The earliest complex, multicellular animal fossils are from the Ediacaran biota (565 to 550 mya).
- The rise of marine planktonic algae (Archaeplastida) ~800–650 mya increased atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels (Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event).
Animal Characteristics
- Metazoa characteristics:
- True tissues, including muscle and nerve tissues
- Gastrulation
- Eumetazoa characteristics:
- Multicellularity and cell differentiation
- Cell adhesion (extracellular matrix)
- Sperm and ova (egg)
- Embryonic blastula
- Bilateria characteristics:
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic
- Complex organs
Learn about the three lines of evidence that suggest a close relationship between choanoflagellates and animals, focusing on cell morphology and the evolution of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
