Population Trends and Patterns Quiz

Crude birth rate (CBR): Number of births per 1,000 people in a country per year.
Total fertility rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
Replacement level fertility: TFR needed to maintain a stable population, around 2.12.
Crude death rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a country per year.
Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births per year.
Child mortality rate: Number of deaths of children under 5 years old per 1,000 live births per year.
Life expectancy: Average age a person is expected to live when born.

High birth rates:
- Primary-based economies where children contribute to labor.
- Traditional role of women focused on child rearing.
- Lack of access to contraception and family planning.
- Need for children to care for elderly.
- Social status associated with large families.
- Cultural or religious practices discouraging contraception or promoting large families.
- Early marriage.
Low birth rates:
- Availability and affordability of contraception.
- Education about contraception and family planning.
- Improved healthcare leading to lower infant mortality.
- Women's empowerment, leading to education and employment opportunities.
- High cost of raising children.
- Anti-natalist policies (e.g., China).
- Delayed marriage and decline in arranged marriages.
- Increased care for the elderly, reducing the need for children.
- Mechanization of primary sector and shift to secondary and tertiary sectors.
- Increased acceptance of abortion.
- Materialism and changing family values.
- Stress associated with raising children.
- Environmental factors impacting fertility (e.g., chemical pollution, food quality).
- Aging populations in developed countries.

Age: Very young and very old individuals are more vulnerable to disease, malnutrition, and natural disasters.
Sex: Women generally live longer than men due to biological and lifestyle factors.
Access to healthcare: Improved healthcare systems lead to lower mortality rates.
Nutrition: Malnutrition can lead to increased mortality, especially in children.
Infectious diseases: Prevalence of infectious diseases can significantly impact mortality rates.
Environmental factors: Pollution and natural disasters can affect mortality rates.
Lifestyle factors: Smoking, drinking, and lack of exercise can contribute to higher mortality rates.

Population pyramids: Visual representations of age and gender distribution within a population.
Shape: Shape provides insights into a population's age structure, growth potential, and dependency ratio.
Expanding pyramids: Wide base, indicating high birth rates and rapid population growth.
Stationary pyramids: Narrow base, indicating low birth rates and slow population growth.
Contracting pyramids: Base narrower than middle layers, indicating an aging population with declining birth rates.

Population momentum: The tendency of a population to continue growing even after birth rates decline.
Impact: Even with declining birth rates, a large young population will continue to have children, resulting in continued population growth for many years to come.

Dependency ratio: The ratio of dependents (those under 15 and over 65) to the working-age population (15-64).
Youthful populations: High dependency ratios due to a large proportion of young people.
Aging populations: High dependency ratios due to a large proportion of elderly people.

Youthful populations:
- Strain on resources (e.g., education, healthcare).
- Potential for future economic growth.
- Social challenges (e.g., unemployment, crime).
Aging populations:
- Increased healthcare costs.
- Strain on social security systems.
- Labor shortages.
- Reduced economic growth.
- Potential for political instability due to dissatisfaction with social services.

Pro-natalist policies: Aim to increase birth rates.
Examples:
- Financial incentives for families with children (e.g., child tax credits, subsidies for childcare).
- Paid parental leave.
- Improved access to affordable childcare.
- Reduced taxes for married couples.
- Limited access to contraception.
- Cultural and religious promotion of large families.

Anti-natalist policies: Aim to reduce birth rates.
Examples:
- China's One-Child Policy (now relaxed).
- Family planning programs offering access to contraception and sterilization.
- Tax penalties for having more children.
- Financial incentives for smaller families.
- Access to free or subsidized abortion.

Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, either within a country (internal migration) or across national borders (international migration).
Forced migration: Movement due to factors beyond individual control, such as war, persecution, natural disasters.
Voluntary migration: Movement based on individual choices, such as seeking better job opportunities, education, or living conditions.

Origin areas:
- Socio-economic: Brain drain (skilled individuals leaving), labor shortages.
- Political: Political instability, social unrest.
- Environmental: Land degradation, resource depletion.
Destination areas:
- Socio-economic: Increased demand for housing, infrastructure, and jobs.
- Political: Cultural changes, political integration challenges.
- Environmental: Strain on resources, pollution.

Gender inequalities: Differences in opportunities, rights, and treatment based on gender.
Areas of inequality:
- Culture: Traditional gender roles, cultural expectations.
- Status: Social standing, power, influence.
- Education: Access to education, educational attainment.
- Birth ratios: Imbalance in the ratio of male to female births, often influenced by cultural preferences.
- Health: Access to healthcare, health outcomes.
- Employment: Job opportunities, wage gaps, workplace discrimination.
- Empowerment: Political representation, decision-making power.
- Life expectancy: Differences in average lifespan between genders.
- Family size: Cultural and economic factors influencing family size, often linked to gender roles.
- Migration: Gender-based migration patterns, differing experiences.
- Legal rights: Access to legal protections, inheritance rights.
- Land tenure: Ownership and control of land.

Carrying capacity: The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain indefinitely without significant environmental degradation.
Factors influencing carrying capacity:
- Availability of natural resources (e.g., water, food, energy).
- Technological development.
- Environmental conditions.
- Population density.
- Resource management practices.