Population Ecology Quiz: Stable Equilibrium Phase Explained

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What is the key concept of fertility with respect to population dynamics?

Immigration

Migration

Natality rate (correct)

Environmental Resistance

Which factor influences the formation of sub-populations across different areas?

Population Stability

Emigration (correct)

Fertility

Immigration

What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without negative impacts?

Carrying Capacity (correct)

Migration

Population Stability

Natality rate

Which factor results in a zero growth rate in a population?

Population Stability Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to resource depletion and subsequent population decline in an ecosystem?

Population Stability Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves periodic movement from one location to another?

Migration movement Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors affect a population regardless of its size?

Climate conditions Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of logistic growth does the population experience rapid growth?

Exponential growth phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for competition among members of the same species?

Intraspecific Competition Signup and view all the answers

Which method is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

Quadrat Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What do predator-prey curves illustrate?

Predator-prey interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes one species outcompeting another leading to the latter's extinction?

Competitive Exclusion Signup and view all the answers

What strategy involves species using different resources or occupying different niches to minimize competition?

Resource Partitioning Signup and view all the answers

What do predator populations experience when prey numbers rise?

Delayed increase Signup and view all the answers

Intraspecific competition occurs between:

Same species individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of predators in ecosystems?

Regulating prey populations Signup and view all the answers

What do oxpeckers and buffalo exemplify in their relationship by removing ticks from buffalo?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What does the carrying capacity refer to in logistic growth?

Stabilizing population size Signup and view all the answers

What behavior allows individuals in a group to act collectively without centralized direction?

Herding Behavior Signup and view all the answers

In what type of hierarchy do dominant individuals play critical roles in leading and organizing the group?

Dominance Hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence a population proportionally to its size?

Climate conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mark-recapture studies?

To estimate elusive population sizes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey?

Pack Hunting Signup and view all the answers

Which protective strategy benefits young offspring by keeping them within the center of the herd as a protective barrier?

Herding as a Protective Strategy Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to close, long-term interactions between individuals of different species?

Symbiosis Signup and view all the answers

In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for defense?

Soldiers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of succession occurs in habitats where there is no existing soil or biotic influence?

Primary succession Signup and view all the answers

What are pioneer species known for in primary succession?

Accelerating soil formation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of succession takes place in habitats already containing soil?

Secondary succession Signup and view all the answers

What type of community is characterized by a dynamic balance between species and environmental factors at the end of succession?

Climax community Signup and view all the answers

Which species are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

Pioneer species Signup and view all the answers

What drives human population dynamics according to the text?

Technological advancements Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the size, distribution, and composition of human populations over time known as?

Human population dynamics Signup and view all the answers

How do pioneer species contribute to soil formation in primary succession?

By secreting acids that aid in rock weathering Signup and view all the answers

Which type of succession is characterized by a faster progression due to the presence of pre-existing soil?

Secondary succession Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to human population growth by enabling the production of surplus food?

Development of agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a narrow base and a higher proportion of elderly individuals?

Declining Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What technological innovation facilitated economic growth and urbanization?

Machinery Signup and view all the answers

Which country is likely to have a population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow top?

Nigeria Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades?

Declining fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic trend is expected to result in slower population growth in South Africa in the future?

Demographic transitions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key implication of population projections for planning and policy-making?

Necessity for infrastructure planning Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation contributed significantly to reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases?

Vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What type of pyramid would be expected in a developed country with aging populations?

Declining Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

Which country is more likely to have a population pyramid with stable population characteristics?

Japan Signup and view all the answers

What does fertility pertain to in a population?

The capability of females to produce offspring Signup and view all the answers

What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without significant negative impacts?

Carrying Capacity Signup and view all the answers

What do stable populations maintain in terms of growth rate?

Zero growth rate Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the periodic movement of organisms from one location to another?

Migration Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an unstable population exceeds its carrying capacity?

Resource depletion Signup and view all the answers

In population dynamics, what does emigration refer to?

Departure of individuals from a population Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organisms are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

Lichens Signup and view all the answers

What is the final, stable community reached at the end of succession known as?

Climax community Signup and view all the answers

In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for nest maintenance and foraging?

Workers Signup and view all the answers

What factor distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?

Existence of pre-existing soil Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the breakdown of rocks to form soil in primary succession?

Lichens Signup and view all the answers

What drives the gradual process of ecological change in an ecosystem over time?

Interactions between organisms and their environment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of succession occurs in habitats with pre-existing soil?

Secondary succession Signup and view all the answers

What role do soldiers play in a termite colony?

Defense Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are different castes in social insects specialized into?

Defend organisms Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of regrowth following a disturbance in an existing ecosystem?

Secondary succession Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth describes a population that stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity?

Logistic Growth Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of logistic growth does the population size stabilize fluctuating around the carrying capacity?

Equilibrium phase Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth is often seen in organisms like bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

Geometric Growth Signup and view all the answers

What process involves one organism hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy acquisition?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

Which interactions play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics by regulating prey populations?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

What does the predator-prey curve illustrate in biological systems?

Predator-prey interactions Signup and view all the answers

In which competition do individuals or species vie for limited resources within the same species?

Intraspecific Competition Signup and view all the answers

Which competition occurs when different species compete for limited resources?

Interspecific Competition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cooperation between members of different species over resources?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of logistic growth involves slowing growth as environmental resistance increases?

Decelerating growth phase Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of behavior enhances survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the population members?

Social Organization Signup and view all the answers

What defines the cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey among carnivorous species?

Cooperation Signup and view all the answers

Which protective strategy involves living in large herds that offer safety in numbers?

Herding Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for interactions between individuals of different species that can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful?

Symbiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement involves periodic relocation from one location to another?

Migration Signup and view all the answers

In what hunting strategy do individuals collaborate closely, utilizing their collective strength and agility?

Pack Hunting Signup and view all the answers

Which social structure involves individuals asserting dominance and organizing the group to reduce intraspecific competition?

Alpha Hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction benefits one species without affecting the other in the association between barnacles and whales?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to close physical associations between individuals of different species?

Symbiotic Interaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of population pyramid is characterized by a broad base with a high proportion of young individuals and a narrow top with fewer elderly individuals?

Expanding Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed significantly to the reduction of mortality rates from infectious diseases, leading to increased life expectancy and population growth?

Medicinal Improvements Signup and view all the answers

What does the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades primarily result from?

Declining Fertility Rates Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

Commensalistic Relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement facilitated economic growth, urbanization, and enhanced living standards for human populations?

Machinery Signup and view all the answers

In which type of succession, such as after a volcanic eruption, do pioneer species colonize areas that do not have existing soil?

Primary Succession Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to characterize a population pyramid representing a lower proportion of young individuals compared to the elderly population?

Declining Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic trend is expected to slow down the population growth rate in South Africa in the future?

Demographic Transitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of age-gender population pyramids?

Providing Insights into Population Structure Signup and view all the answers

Which factor played a crucial role in enabling the production of surplus food, leading to population growth from millennia ago?

Technological Improvements Signup and view all the answers

What phase of logistic growth describes when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

Overshoot phase Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support without negative impacts?

Carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

In population dynamics, what is a potential result of exceeding carrying capacity?

Resource depletion Signup and view all the answers

What does stable population growth often have a zero rate of?

Mortality Signup and view all the answers

Immigration differs from emigration primarily in terms of:

Departure causes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is influenced by limiting resources that reduce a population's growth?

Biological resistance Signup and view all the answers

What significant demographic trend is expected to contribute to slower population growth in South Africa in the future?

Demographic transitions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population pyramid is typical of developed countries with aging populations?

Declining population pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement is specifically mentioned as contributing to enhanced living standards for human populations?

Mechanical transportation Signup and view all the answers

What phase of logistic growth involves a population size that stabilizes around the carrying capacity?

Stable growth phase Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly reduced mortality rates from infectious diseases, leading to increased life expectancy and population growth?

Medical technology Signup and view all the answers

What type of population pyramid indicates high birth and death rates and is characteristic of developing countries?

Expanding population pyramid Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor contributed to the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades?

Increasing fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

What role do age-gender population pyramids play in providing insights into?

Population dynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of population dynamics primarily involves demographic transitions and socio-economic changes?

Transitional growth phase Signup and view all the answers

What type of population pyramid shows a relatively uniform distribution across age groups and is typical of developed countries with stable populations?

Stable population pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a climax community?

Dynamic balance between species and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

In primary succession, what is the role of lichens in the ecosystem?

Accelerate weathering of rocks through acid secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes secondary succession?

It progresses more slowly than primary succession Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary succession?

The presence of pre-existing soil Signup and view all the answers

What role do workers play in social insect colonies like bees and termites?

Foraging and nest maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Why does secondary succession progress more rapidly than primary succession?

Presence of pre-existing soil Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the progress from one community to another in ecological succession?

Interactions between organisms and their environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ecological phenomenon that leads to a stable and self-sustaining community?

Climax community Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pioneer species in ecological succession?

Ability to rapidly colonize disturbed areas Signup and view all the answers

How do different castes in social insect colonies contribute to the overall functioning of the colony?

Specialize in different roles for collective survival Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a population growth that stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity of the environment?

Logistic growth Signup and view all the answers

What competition occurs when individuals or species vie for limited resources within their own species?

Intraspecific competition Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of logistic growth is characterized by a slowing of growth as environmental resistance increases?

Decelerating growth phase Signup and view all the answers

What are density-dependent factors that influence a population proportionally to its size?

Disease and water availability Signup and view all the answers

Which method of determining population size relies on statistical methods to infer total population size from sampled individuals?

Mark-recapture Signup and view all the answers

What type of curve is often seen in geometric growth, indicating rapid exponential growth until resource limits halt expansion?

J-shaped curve Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of preying on another animal for energy acquisition known as?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

What describes the equilibrium phase in logistic growth where population size stabilizes fluctuating around the carrying capacity?

Population size stabilization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of species interaction involves organisms actively hunting, killing, and consuming others for energy acquisition?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

What defines competition between different species vying for limited resources like food or mates?

Interspecific competition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

Competitive Exclusion Signup and view all the answers

Which symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of dominance in animal groups in terms of reproductive success?

Increases access to preferred mates Signup and view all the answers

How do mutualistic relationships differ from commensalistic relationships?

Mutualism benefits both species while commensalism benefits one Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between herding behavior and pack hunting behavior in animal groups?

Herding is a protective strategy, while pack hunting is a hunting strategy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of social organization in animal populations?

To enhance survival chances through shared efforts Signup and view all the answers

How does resource partitioning facilitate species coexistence in ecosystems?

By allowing species to utilize different resources or occupy different ecological niches Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding symbiotic relationships crucial for comprehending ecosystem dynamics?

To influence population dynamics and community structure Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'alpha' individual play in dominance hierarchies within animal groups?

Leading and organizing the group effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pack hunting behavior in carnivorous species?

To enable coordinated and purposeful movements in capturing prey Signup and view all the answers

What factor defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without significant negative impacts on the environment?

Carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon specifically refers to the periodic movement of organisms from one location to another as a survival strategy?

Migration Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population dynamics, what does environmental resistance refer to?

Factors that limit population growth Signup and view all the answers

Within a population, what distinguishes an unstable population from a stable one?

Carrying capacity overshoot Signup and view all the answers

What key concept impacts natality rates within a population by focusing on females' capability to produce offspring?

Fertility Signup and view all the answers

In terms of population dynamics, what is the primary purpose of migration for certain species?

Survival strategy Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the lag phase in logistic population growth?

Slow initial growth as the population acclimatizes Signup and view all the answers

Which population model is often observed in bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

Geometric Growth Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the equilibrium phase of logistic population growth?

Population size fluctuates around the carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor impacts a population proportionally to its size by influencing resources like food and water?

Density-dependent factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of predators in ecosystem dynamics?

Regulating prey populations Signup and view all the answers

What describes the dynamics of biological systems where predator and prey populations fluctuate over time?

Predator-Prey Curve Signup and view all the answers

Competition for limited resources that occurs between individuals or species vying for the same resource is known as:

Interspecific Competition Signup and view all the answers

In ecological interactions, what occurs when organisms actively hunt, kill, and consume others for energy acquisition?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

Which method is applicable for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations by inferring total population size from sampled individuals?

Mark-Recapture Signup and view all the answers

What interaction in ecosystems involves individuals or species fighting for dominance over the same limited resources?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

Competitive Exclusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of dominance hierarchies in animal groups?

Ensure reproductive success Signup and view all the answers

Which social organization strategy benefits herbivorous species like wildebeest by offering safety in numbers?

Herding Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mutualism from commensalism in symbiotic relationships?

Both species benefit in mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What demographic characteristic is reflected in a declining population pyramid?

Low birth and death rates Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the exponential growth of the human population in the last few centuries as per the text?

Technological Innovations Signup and view all the answers

In what way does resource partitioning contribute to species coexistence in ecological niches?

By allowing species to utilize different resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of collecting at the center of the herd for young offspring in protective herding strategies?

To provide a protective barrier against predators Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population pyramid is typically seen in developed countries with aging populations like Italy and Japan?

Declining Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a stable population pyramid?

Uniform distribution across age groups Signup and view all the answers

Which activity characterizes pack hunting as a hunting strategy among carnivorous species?

Cooperative prey capture Signup and view all the answers

How does primary succession differ from secondary succession in terms of soil availability?

Primary succession occurs in habitats with no existing soil, while secondary succession occurs where there is already soil present. Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement is highlighted as contributing to economic growth and urbanization in the text?

Machinery Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'alpha' individual play within dominance hierarchies in animal groups?

Leader and organizer Signup and view all the answers

What are pioneer species primarily responsible for during ecological succession?

Breaking down rocks and initiating soil formation Signup and view all the answers

What trend is expected to slow down the population growth rate in South Africa's future, based on the text?

Declining Fertility Rates Signup and view all the answers

How do commensalistic relationships differ from mutualistic relationships?

One organism benefits in commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of a climax community in the context of ecological succession?

Stability and balance between plant, animal species, and their environment Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes young offspring within the herd's center as a protective strategy against potential threats?

To serve as prey protection Signup and view all the answers

Which development is credited with significantly reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases?

Vaccines Signup and view all the answers

In which type of countries are stable population pyramids typically observed?

Developed countries Signup and view all the answers

In a termite colony, which caste is primarily responsible for nest maintenance and foraging?

Workers Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession based on the initial state of the habitat?

Primary succession starts on bare rock surfaces without soil, while secondary succession occurs on barren land with soil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication highlighted in the text regarding South Africa's future population growth?

Slower growth due to demographic transitions Signup and view all the answers

How do expanding population pyramids differ from declining population pyramids based on the provided text?

Declining pyramids have high birth rates Signup and view all the answers

What role do lichens play in the initial stages of primary succession in terms of soil formation?

Accelerating the weathering of rocks to form soil Signup and view all the answers

Which process is observed in ecological succession where a relatively stable and self-sustaining state is reached?

Climax community formation Signup and view all the answers

What drives community change in ecological succession according to the provided text?

Interactions between organisms and their environment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ecological succession, what are soldier termites primarily responsible for within the colony?

Defense Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes succcession from ecological change according to the text provided?

Transition to a stable climax community Signup and view all the answers

Which factor refers to the capability of females aged 15 to 45 to produce offspring and influences the natality rate within a population?

Fertility Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves the periodic relocation of organisms from one location to another, serving as a critical survival strategy for certain species?

Migration Signup and view all the answers

In population dynamics, what defines the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without significant negative impacts on the environment?

Carrying Capacity Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to all limiting factors that reduce the biotic potential and growth of a population, such as availability of water, food, and space?

Environmental Resistance Signup and view all the answers

In population dynamics, what situation arises when a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion and subsequent decline?

Population Fluctuations Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement involves new members entering a population, potentially becoming permanent residents based on species-specific behaviors?

Immigration Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession in terms of habitat conditions?

Presence of pre-existing soil Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vegetation is typically the first to establish in primary succession after lichens?

Grasses Signup and view all the answers

What are pioneer species primarily responsible for in the process of ecological succession?

Initiating colonization in barren habitats Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic distinguishes a climax community from other stages of succession?

Dynamic balance between species and environment Signup and view all the answers

Why does secondary succession progress more rapidly than primary succession?

Pre-existing soil and seed bank Signup and view all the answers

In a termite colony, what role do workers primarily play?

Foraging and nest maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What ecological process occurs until an ecosystem reaches a stable and self-sustaining state?

Succession Signup and view all the answers

What drives community change in ecological succession?

Interactions between organisms and environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of succession occurs in areas affected by agricultural abandonment or forest fires?

Secondary succession Signup and view all the answers

Climax communities are characterized by a dynamic balance between:

Species and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates density-dependent factors from density-independent factors in influencing populations?

Relationship to the carrying capacity of the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which population growth model describes a rapid increase in population size followed by a decelerating growth phase?

Logistic Growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mark-recapture studies in estimating population sizes?

Extrapolation to infer total population size Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the act of actively hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy acquisition?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes interspecific competition among organisms?

Fighting for limited resources Signup and view all the answers

In logistic growth, what phase is characterized by a potential decline if the population cannot sustain its resource use?

Death/Extinction Phase Signup and view all the answers

What drives predator-prey interactions leading to fluctuating populations over time?

Environmental resistance and predation pressure Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates indirect counting from direct counting methods in estimating population sizes?

Inference based on sampled individuals Signup and view all the answers

What trait characterizes the Equilibrium phase in logistic growth models?

Population stability near carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

Why are species interactions such as predation and competition crucial in ecosystem dynamics?

To shape population sizes and community structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of social organization within animal populations?

Enhancing individual survival chances Signup and view all the answers

In a herding strategy as a protective measure, why are young offspring usually kept within the center of the herd?

As a barrier against potential threats Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of dominance hierarchies in animal groups contributes to reproductive success?

Ensuring access to preferred mates Signup and view all the answers

Why is mutualism considered an integral part of ecosystem functioning?

Due to its influence on population dynamics Signup and view all the answers

How does competitive exclusion contribute to species dynamics?

By potentially causing species extinction Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies a symbiotic relationship in nature?

A long-term interaction benefiting two different species Signup and view all the answers

Why is pack hunting considered a successful strategy for carnivorous species?

To effectively capture larger prey Signup and view all the answers

What role does territorial expansion play in social organization within animal populations?

To enhance survival chances Signup and view all the answers

How does commensalism differ from parasitism in symbiotic relationships?

By harming the host organism Signup and view all the answers

Why is resource partitioning crucial for certain species to coexist within the same habitat?

To avoid competition for the same resources Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed significantly to the reduction of mortality rates from infectious diseases?

Technological innovations like vaccines and antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a narrow base with a lower proportion of young individuals compared to the elderly population?

Declining Population Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

In South Africa, what factors are contributing to the expected slowing down of population growth rates in the coming decades?

Demographic transitions and socio-economic changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a stable population pyramid?

Uniform distribution across age groups Signup and view all the answers

What major event is depicted in Figure 30 regarding the human population?

Exponential population growth Signup and view all the answers

What role do Age-Gender Population Pyramids play in providing insights into?

Population structure and demographic trends Signup and view all the answers

What type of countries are characterized by Expanding Population Pyramids?

Developing countries with growing populations Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation revolutionized human societies by enabling the production of surplus food?

Development of agriculture Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of logistic population growth would you likely observe slowing growth due to increasing environmental resistance?

Deceleration phase Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic trend indicates a slowing down of South Africa's population growth in the future?

Declining fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

What does 'fertility' primarily refer to?

Capability of females to produce offspring Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences 'natalist rate' within a population?

Fertility of females Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'migration' in population dynamics?

Periodic movement for survival Signup and view all the answers

What concept defines the sustainable population size within an ecosystem?

Carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an 'unstable population' in relation to carrying capacity?

Exceeds environmental resistance Signup and view all the answers

What does 'population stability' imply in terms of population growth rate?

Sustaining a zero growth rate Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of logistic growth involves rapid increase in population size?

Exponential growth phase Signup and view all the answers

Which method is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

Quadrat sampling Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction involves social competition between organisms of different species?

Interspecific competition Signup and view all the answers

Which population growth model describes a population size that doubles each generation, often seen in bacteria?

Geometric growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of predators on ecosystem dynamics?

Limiting prey populations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences a population proportionally to its size even if the population is small?

Natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase where prey populations decline due to increased predation and environmental resistance?

Death/extinction phase Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used to estimate population density by sampling individuals within defined areas?

Quadrat sampling Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a population that stabilizes over time due to environmental carrying capacity?

Equilibrium phase Signup and view all the answers

Which resource limits often halt geometric growth in populations?

Limited nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

Competitive Exclusion Signup and view all the answers

Which symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationships are essential for influencing population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem stability?

Mutualistic relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social organization benefits survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the population members?

Herding Behavior Signup and view all the answers

In herding behavior, what is the purpose of surrounding young offspring within the center of the herd by adults?

Increasing predator vigilance Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey?

Pack Hunting Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of the 'alpha' individual in animal groups displaying dominance hierarchies?

Ensuring reproductive success Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves collective action of individuals in a group without centralized direction?

Herding Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential aspect of interactions within animal populations that leads to division of labor among group members?

Enhancement of ecosystem stability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of actions in animal groups is synonymous with coordinated and purposeful hunting movements?

Pack Hunting Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role do pioneer species play in primary succession?

Accelerating soil formation through secretion of acids Signup and view all the answers

In primary succession, what typically follows the establishment of grasses and herbaceous plants before the colonization of shrubs and trees?

Mosses and ferns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a climax community in succession dynamics?

To maintain stability and balance within the ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary succession from primary succession?

Quicker progression of community changes Signup and view all the answers

Why does secondary succession typically progress more rapidly than primary succession?

Because of the presence of a pre-existing soil base Signup and view all the answers

What role do small shrubs and ferns play in the process of primary succession?

Enhancing the soil's fertility Signup and view all the answers

Which organism group is the last to colonize in the succession process of primary succession?

Hardwood trees Signup and view all the answers

Why does each successive community in primary succession alter the environment?

By increasing soil fertility Signup and view all the answers

What key factor leads to the establishment of a climax community in ecological succession?

Dynamic balance between species and environment Signup and view all the answers

Why do native grasses and shrubs play a significant role in secondary succession?

By facilitating the colonization of more competitive flora Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributed to the exponential growth of the human population as discussed in the text?

Advancements in medical technology Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a population pyramid reflecting a declining population trend?

Shift towards a larger base of elderly individuals Signup and view all the answers

What demographic characteristic is typical of developed countries like Italy and Japan based on their population pyramids?

Aging populations with low birth rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of future population trends for government agencies and policymakers as mentioned in the text?

Adjusting infrastructure planning to meet future needs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of an expanding population pyramid?

High proportion of young individuals Signup and view all the answers

What role do advanced fertility treatments like IVF (In vitro fertilization) potentially play in future population dynamics?

Contributes to increased birth rates Signup and view all the answers

What impact could a decrease in life expectancy within a population have on future population growth trends?

Slowed population growth Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a population pyramid indicative of a stable population?

Uniform distribution across age groups Signup and view all the answers

How do technological advances such as communication systems contribute to population growth?

Promote economic growth and urbanization Signup and view all the answers

What correlates with a wider base in an age-gender population pyramid?

Increased fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

Ch 9 Sum: Population ecology

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Questions and Answers

What is the key concept of fertility with respect to population dynamics?

Which factor influences the formation of sub-populations across different areas?

What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without negative impacts?

Which factor results in a zero growth rate in a population?

What can lead to resource depletion and subsequent population decline in an ecosystem?

What type of movement involves periodic movement from one location to another?

What type of factors affect a population regardless of its size?

During which phase of logistic growth does the population experience rapid growth?

What is the term for competition among members of the same species?

Which method is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

What do predator-prey curves illustrate?

Which process describes one species outcompeting another leading to the latter's extinction?

What strategy involves species using different resources or occupying different niches to minimize competition?

What do predator populations experience when prey numbers rise?

Intraspecific competition occurs between:

Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

What is the main role of predators in ecosystems?

What do oxpeckers and buffalo exemplify in their relationship by removing ticks from buffalo?

What does the carrying capacity refer to in logistic growth?

What behavior allows individuals in a group to act collectively without centralized direction?

In what type of hierarchy do dominant individuals play critical roles in leading and organizing the group?

Which factor does not influence a population proportionally to its size?

What is the purpose of mark-recapture studies?

What is the term for cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey?

Which protective strategy benefits young offspring by keeping them within the center of the herd as a protective barrier?

What term refers to close, long-term interactions between individuals of different species?

In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for defense?

Which type of succession occurs in habitats where there is no existing soil or biotic influence?

What are pioneer species known for in primary succession?

Which type of succession takes place in habitats already containing soil?

What type of community is characterized by a dynamic balance between species and environmental factors at the end of succession?

Which species are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

What drives human population dynamics according to the text?

What is the study of the size, distribution, and composition of human populations over time known as?

How do pioneer species contribute to soil formation in primary succession?

Which type of succession is characterized by a faster progression due to the presence of pre-existing soil?

What factor contributed to human population growth by enabling the production of surplus food?

Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a narrow base and a higher proportion of elderly individuals?

What technological innovation facilitated economic growth and urbanization?

Which country is likely to have a population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow top?

What has contributed to the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades?

Which demographic trend is expected to result in slower population growth in South Africa in the future?

What is a key implication of population projections for planning and policy-making?

Which innovation contributed significantly to reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases?

What type of pyramid would be expected in a developed country with aging populations?

Which country is more likely to have a population pyramid with stable population characteristics?

What does fertility pertain to in a population?

What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without significant negative impacts?

What do stable populations maintain in terms of growth rate?

Which term refers to the periodic movement of organisms from one location to another?

What occurs when an unstable population exceeds its carrying capacity?

In population dynamics, what does emigration refer to?

Which type of organisms are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

What is the final, stable community reached at the end of succession known as?

In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for nest maintenance and foraging?

What factor distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?

What initiates the breakdown of rocks to form soil in primary succession?

What drives the gradual process of ecological change in an ecosystem over time?

Which type of succession occurs in habitats with pre-existing soil?

What role do soldiers play in a termite colony?

What type of organisms are different castes in social insects specialized into?

What term describes the process of regrowth following a disturbance in an existing ecosystem?

What type of growth describes a population that stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity?

In which phase of logistic growth does the population size stabilize fluctuating around the carrying capacity?

What type of growth is often seen in organisms like bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

What process involves one organism hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy acquisition?

Which interactions play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics by regulating prey populations?

What does the predator-prey curve illustrate in biological systems?

In which competition do individuals or species vie for limited resources within the same species?

Which competition occurs when different species compete for limited resources?

What is the term for cooperation between members of different species over resources?

Which phase of logistic growth involves slowing growth as environmental resistance increases?

What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

Which type of behavior enhances survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the population members?

What defines the cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey among carnivorous species?

Which protective strategy involves living in large herds that offer safety in numbers?

What is the term for interactions between individuals of different species that can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful?