Ch 9 Sum: Population ecology
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Questions and Answers

What is the key concept of fertility with respect to population dynamics?

  • Immigration
  • Migration
  • Natality rate (correct)
  • Environmental Resistance

    • Which factor influences the formation of sub-populations across different areas?

  • Population Stability
  • Emigration (correct)
  • Fertility
  • Immigration

    • What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without negative impacts?

  • Carrying Capacity (correct)
  • Migration
  • Population Stability
  • Natality rate

    • Which factor results in a zero growth rate in a population?

    <p>Population Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to resource depletion and subsequent population decline in an ecosystem?

    <p>Population Stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves periodic movement from one location to another?

    <p>Migration movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors affect a population regardless of its size?

    <p>Climate conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of logistic growth does the population experience rapid growth?

    <p>Exponential growth phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for competition among members of the same species?

    <p>Intraspecific Competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

    <p>Quadrat Sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do predator-prey curves illustrate?

    <p>Predator-prey interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes one species outcompeting another leading to the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy involves species using different resources or occupying different niches to minimize competition?

    <p>Resource Partitioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do predator populations experience when prey numbers rise?

    <p>Delayed increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intraspecific competition occurs between:

    <p>Same species individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

    <p>Commensalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of predators in ecosystems?

    <p>Regulating prey populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do oxpeckers and buffalo exemplify in their relationship by removing ticks from buffalo?

    <p>Mutualism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the carrying capacity refer to in logistic growth?

    <p>Stabilizing population size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior allows individuals in a group to act collectively without centralized direction?

    <p>Herding Behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of hierarchy do dominant individuals play critical roles in leading and organizing the group?

    <p>Dominance Hierarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not influence a population proportionally to its size?

    <p>Climate conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mark-recapture studies?

    <p>To estimate elusive population sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey?

    <p>Pack Hunting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective strategy benefits young offspring by keeping them within the center of the herd as a protective barrier?

    <p>Herding as a Protective Strategy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to close, long-term interactions between individuals of different species?

    <p>Symbiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for defense?

    <p>Soldiers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of succession occurs in habitats where there is no existing soil or biotic influence?

    <p>Primary succession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pioneer species known for in primary succession?

    <p>Accelerating soil formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of succession takes place in habitats already containing soil?

    <p>Secondary succession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of community is characterized by a dynamic balance between species and environmental factors at the end of succession?

    <p>Climax community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

    <p>Pioneer species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives human population dynamics according to the text?

    <p>Technological advancements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the size, distribution, and composition of human populations over time known as?

    <p>Human population dynamics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pioneer species contribute to soil formation in primary succession?

    <p>By secreting acids that aid in rock weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of succession is characterized by a faster progression due to the presence of pre-existing soil?

    <p>Secondary succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to human population growth by enabling the production of surplus food?

    <p>Development of agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a narrow base and a higher proportion of elderly individuals?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological innovation facilitated economic growth and urbanization?

    <p>Machinery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is likely to have a population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow top?

    <p>Nigeria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades?

    <p>Declining fertility rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic trend is expected to result in slower population growth in South Africa in the future?

    <p>Demographic transitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of population projections for planning and policy-making?

    <p>Necessity for infrastructure planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which innovation contributed significantly to reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases?

    <p>Vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pyramid would be expected in a developed country with aging populations?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is more likely to have a population pyramid with stable population characteristics?

    <p>Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fertility pertain to in a population?

    <p>The capability of females to produce offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without significant negative impacts?

    <p>Carrying Capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do stable populations maintain in terms of growth rate?

    <p>Zero growth rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the periodic movement of organisms from one location to another?

    <p>Migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an unstable population exceeds its carrying capacity?

    <p>Resource depletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In population dynamics, what does emigration refer to?

    <p>Departure of individuals from a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms are the first to colonize and inhabit a newly formed or disturbed area in succession?

    <p>Lichens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final, stable community reached at the end of succession known as?

    <p>Climax community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a termite colony, which caste is responsible for nest maintenance and foraging?

    <p>Workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?

    <p>Existence of pre-existing soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the breakdown of rocks to form soil in primary succession?

    <p>Lichens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the gradual process of ecological change in an ecosystem over time?

    <p>Interactions between organisms and their environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of succession occurs in habitats with pre-existing soil?

    <p>Secondary succession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do soldiers play in a termite colony?

    <p>Defense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms are different castes in social insects specialized into?

    <p>Defend organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process of regrowth following a disturbance in an existing ecosystem?

    <p>Secondary succession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth describes a population that stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity?

    <p>Logistic Growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of logistic growth does the population size stabilize fluctuating around the carrying capacity?

    <p>Equilibrium phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth is often seen in organisms like bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

    <p>Geometric Growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves one organism hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy acquisition?

    <p>Predation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interactions play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics by regulating prey populations?

    <p>Predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the predator-prey curve illustrate in biological systems?

    <p>Predator-prey interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which competition do individuals or species vie for limited resources within the same species?

    <p>Intraspecific Competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which competition occurs when different species compete for limited resources?

    <p>Interspecific Competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cooperation between members of different species over resources?

    <p>Mutualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth involves slowing growth as environmental resistance increases?

    <p>Decelerating growth phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

    <p>Parasitism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of behavior enhances survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the population members?

    <p>Social Organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey among carnivorous species?

    <p>Cooperation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective strategy involves living in large herds that offer safety in numbers?

    <p>Herding Behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for interactions between individuals of different species that can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful?

    <p>Symbiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement involves periodic relocation from one location to another?

    <p>Migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what hunting strategy do individuals collaborate closely, utilizing their collective strength and agility?

    <p>Pack Hunting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social structure involves individuals asserting dominance and organizing the group to reduce intraspecific competition?

    <p>Alpha Hierarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction benefits one species without affecting the other in the association between barnacles and whales?

    <p>Commensalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to close physical associations between individuals of different species?

    <p>Symbiotic Interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of population pyramid is characterized by a broad base with a high proportion of young individuals and a narrow top with fewer elderly individuals?

    <p>Expanding Population Pyramid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed significantly to the reduction of mortality rates from infectious diseases, leading to increased life expectancy and population growth?

    <p>Medicinal Improvements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades primarily result from?

    <p>Declining Fertility Rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

    <p>Commensalistic Relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement facilitated economic growth, urbanization, and enhanced living standards for human populations?

    <p>Machinery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of succession, such as after a volcanic eruption, do pioneer species colonize areas that do not have existing soil?

    <p>Primary Succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to characterize a population pyramid representing a lower proportion of young individuals compared to the elderly population?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic trend is expected to slow down the population growth rate in South Africa in the future?

    <p>Demographic Transitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of age-gender population pyramids?

    <p>Providing Insights into Population Structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor played a crucial role in enabling the production of surplus food, leading to population growth from millennia ago?

    <p>Technological Improvements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of logistic growth describes when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

    <p>Overshoot phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support without negative impacts?

    <p>Carrying capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In population dynamics, what is a potential result of exceeding carrying capacity?

    <p>Resource depletion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stable population growth often have a zero rate of?

    <p>Mortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immigration differs from emigration primarily in terms of:

    <p>Departure causes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is influenced by limiting resources that reduce a population's growth?

    <p>Biological resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant demographic trend is expected to contribute to slower population growth in South Africa in the future?

    <p>Demographic transitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is typical of developed countries with aging populations?

    <p>Declining population pyramid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological advancement is specifically mentioned as contributing to enhanced living standards for human populations?

    <p>Mechanical transportation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of logistic growth involves a population size that stabilizes around the carrying capacity?

    <p>Stable growth phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly reduced mortality rates from infectious diseases, leading to increased life expectancy and population growth?

    <p>Medical technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of population pyramid indicates high birth and death rates and is characteristic of developing countries?

    <p>Expanding population pyramid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor contributed to the steady growth of South Africa's population over the past six decades?

    <p>Increasing fertility rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do age-gender population pyramids play in providing insights into?

    <p>Population dynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of population dynamics primarily involves demographic transitions and socio-economic changes?

    <p>Transitional growth phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of population pyramid shows a relatively uniform distribution across age groups and is typical of developed countries with stable populations?

    <p>Stable population pyramid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a climax community?

    <p>Dynamic balance between species and environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary succession, what is the role of lichens in the ecosystem?

    <p>Accelerate weathering of rocks through acid secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes secondary succession?

    <p>It progresses more slowly than primary succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between primary and secondary succession?

    <p>The presence of pre-existing soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do workers play in social insect colonies like bees and termites?

    <p>Foraging and nest maintenance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does secondary succession progress more rapidly than primary succession?

    <p>Presence of pre-existing soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the progress from one community to another in ecological succession?

    <p>Interactions between organisms and their environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ecological phenomenon that leads to a stable and self-sustaining community?

    <p>Climax community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pioneer species in ecological succession?

    <p>Ability to rapidly colonize disturbed areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different castes in social insect colonies contribute to the overall functioning of the colony?

    <p>Specialize in different roles for collective survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a population growth that stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity of the environment?

    <p>Logistic growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What competition occurs when individuals or species vie for limited resources within their own species?

    <p>Intraspecific competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth is characterized by a slowing of growth as environmental resistance increases?

    <p>Decelerating growth phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are density-dependent factors that influence a population proportionally to its size?

    <p>Disease and water availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of determining population size relies on statistical methods to infer total population size from sampled individuals?

    <p>Mark-recapture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of curve is often seen in geometric growth, indicating rapid exponential growth until resource limits halt expansion?

    <p>J-shaped curve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the act of preying on another animal for energy acquisition known as?

    <p>Predation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the equilibrium phase in logistic growth where population size stabilizes fluctuating around the carrying capacity?

    <p>Population size stabilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of species interaction involves organisms actively hunting, killing, and consuming others for energy acquisition?

    <p>Predation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines competition between different species vying for limited resources like food or mates?

    <p>Interspecific competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

    <p>Commensalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of dominance in animal groups in terms of reproductive success?

    <p>Increases access to preferred mates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutualistic relationships differ from commensalistic relationships?

    <p>Mutualism benefits both species while commensalism benefits one (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between herding behavior and pack hunting behavior in animal groups?

    <p>Herding is a protective strategy, while pack hunting is a hunting strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of social organization in animal populations?

    <p>To enhance survival chances through shared efforts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does resource partitioning facilitate species coexistence in ecosystems?

    <p>By allowing species to utilize different resources or occupy different ecological niches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding symbiotic relationships crucial for comprehending ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>To influence population dynamics and community structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the 'alpha' individual play in dominance hierarchies within animal groups?

    <p>Leading and organizing the group effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pack hunting behavior in carnivorous species?

    <p>To enable coordinated and purposeful movements in capturing prey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor defines the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without significant negative impacts on the environment?

    <p>Carrying capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon specifically refers to the periodic movement of organisms from one location to another as a survival strategy?

    <p>Migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of population dynamics, what does environmental resistance refer to?

    <p>Factors that limit population growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within a population, what distinguishes an unstable population from a stable one?

    <p>Carrying capacity overshoot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept impacts natality rates within a population by focusing on females' capability to produce offspring?

    <p>Fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of population dynamics, what is the primary purpose of migration for certain species?

    <p>Survival strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lag phase in logistic population growth?

    <p>Slow initial growth as the population acclimatizes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population model is often observed in bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

    <p>Geometric Growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the equilibrium phase of logistic population growth?

    <p>Population size fluctuates around the carrying capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor impacts a population proportionally to its size by influencing resources like food and water?

    <p>Density-dependent factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of predators in ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>Regulating prey populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the dynamics of biological systems where predator and prey populations fluctuate over time?

    <p>Predator-Prey Curve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Competition for limited resources that occurs between individuals or species vying for the same resource is known as:

    <p>Interspecific Competition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological interactions, what occurs when organisms actively hunt, kill, and consume others for energy acquisition?

    <p>Predation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is applicable for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations by inferring total population size from sampled individuals?

    <p>Mark-Recapture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction in ecosystems involves individuals or species fighting for dominance over the same limited resources?

    <p>Competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of dominance hierarchies in animal groups?

    <p>Ensure reproductive success (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social organization strategy benefits herbivorous species like wildebeest by offering safety in numbers?

    <p>Herding Behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mutualism from commensalism in symbiotic relationships?

    <p>Both species benefit in mutualism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic characteristic is reflected in a declining population pyramid?

    <p>Low birth and death rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the exponential growth of the human population in the last few centuries as per the text?

    <p>Technological Innovations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does resource partitioning contribute to species coexistence in ecological niches?

    <p>By allowing species to utilize different resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of collecting at the center of the herd for young offspring in protective herding strategies?

    <p>To provide a protective barrier against predators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is typically seen in developed countries with aging populations like Italy and Japan?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a stable population pyramid?

    <p>Uniform distribution across age groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity characterizes pack hunting as a hunting strategy among carnivorous species?

    <p>Cooperative prey capture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does primary succession differ from secondary succession in terms of soil availability?

    <p>Primary succession occurs in habitats with no existing soil, while secondary succession occurs where there is already soil present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement is highlighted as contributing to economic growth and urbanization in the text?

    <p>Machinery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the 'alpha' individual play within dominance hierarchies in animal groups?

    <p>Leader and organizer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pioneer species primarily responsible for during ecological succession?

    <p>Breaking down rocks and initiating soil formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is expected to slow down the population growth rate in South Africa's future, based on the text?

    <p>Declining Fertility Rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do commensalistic relationships differ from mutualistic relationships?

    <p>One organism benefits in commensalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of a climax community in the context of ecological succession?

    <p>Stability and balance between plant, animal species, and their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes young offspring within the herd's center as a protective strategy against potential threats?

    <p>To serve as prey protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development is credited with significantly reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases?

    <p>Vaccines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of countries are stable population pyramids typically observed?

    <p>Developed countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a termite colony, which caste is primarily responsible for nest maintenance and foraging?

    <p>Workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession based on the initial state of the habitat?

    <p>Primary succession starts on bare rock surfaces without soil, while secondary succession occurs on barren land with soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication highlighted in the text regarding South Africa's future population growth?

    <p>Slower growth due to demographic transitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do expanding population pyramids differ from declining population pyramids based on the provided text?

    <p>Declining pyramids have high birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lichens play in the initial stages of primary succession in terms of soil formation?

    <p>Accelerating the weathering of rocks to form soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is observed in ecological succession where a relatively stable and self-sustaining state is reached?

    <p>Climax community formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives community change in ecological succession according to the provided text?

    <p>Interactions between organisms and their environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ecological succession, what are soldier termites primarily responsible for within the colony?

    <p>Defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes succcession from ecological change according to the text provided?

    <p>Transition to a stable climax community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor refers to the capability of females aged 15 to 45 to produce offspring and influences the natality rate within a population?

    <p>Fertility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves the periodic relocation of organisms from one location to another, serving as a critical survival strategy for certain species?

    <p>Migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In population dynamics, what defines the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without significant negative impacts on the environment?

    <p>Carrying Capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to all limiting factors that reduce the biotic potential and growth of a population, such as availability of water, food, and space?

    <p>Environmental Resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In population dynamics, what situation arises when a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion and subsequent decline?

    <p>Population Fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement involves new members entering a population, potentially becoming permanent residents based on species-specific behaviors?

    <p>Immigration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession in terms of habitat conditions?

    <p>Presence of pre-existing soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vegetation is typically the first to establish in primary succession after lichens?

    <p>Grasses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pioneer species primarily responsible for in the process of ecological succession?

    <p>Initiating colonization in barren habitats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic distinguishes a climax community from other stages of succession?

    <p>Dynamic balance between species and environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does secondary succession progress more rapidly than primary succession?

    <p>Pre-existing soil and seed bank (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a termite colony, what role do workers primarily play?

    <p>Foraging and nest maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological process occurs until an ecosystem reaches a stable and self-sustaining state?

    <p>Succession (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives community change in ecological succession?

    <p>Interactions between organisms and environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of succession occurs in areas affected by agricultural abandonment or forest fires?

    <p>Secondary succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climax communities are characterized by a dynamic balance between:

    <p>Species and environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates density-dependent factors from density-independent factors in influencing populations?

    <p>Relationship to the carrying capacity of the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population growth model describes a rapid increase in population size followed by a decelerating growth phase?

    <p>Logistic Growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mark-recapture studies in estimating population sizes?

    <p>Extrapolation to infer total population size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the act of actively hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy acquisition?

    <p>Predation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes interspecific competition among organisms?

    <p>Fighting for limited resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In logistic growth, what phase is characterized by a potential decline if the population cannot sustain its resource use?

    <p>Death/Extinction Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives predator-prey interactions leading to fluctuating populations over time?

    <p>Environmental resistance and predation pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates indirect counting from direct counting methods in estimating population sizes?

    <p>Inference based on sampled individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait characterizes the Equilibrium phase in logistic growth models?

    <p>Population stability near carrying capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are species interactions such as predation and competition crucial in ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>To shape population sizes and community structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of social organization within animal populations?

    <p>Enhancing individual survival chances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a herding strategy as a protective measure, why are young offspring usually kept within the center of the herd?

    <p>As a barrier against potential threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of dominance hierarchies in animal groups contributes to reproductive success?

    <p>Ensuring access to preferred mates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is mutualism considered an integral part of ecosystem functioning?

    <p>Due to its influence on population dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does competitive exclusion contribute to species dynamics?

    <p>By potentially causing species extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies a symbiotic relationship in nature?

    <p>A long-term interaction benefiting two different species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is pack hunting considered a successful strategy for carnivorous species?

    <p>To effectively capture larger prey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does territorial expansion play in social organization within animal populations?

    <p>To enhance survival chances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does commensalism differ from parasitism in symbiotic relationships?

    <p>By harming the host organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is resource partitioning crucial for certain species to coexist within the same habitat?

    <p>To avoid competition for the same resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed significantly to the reduction of mortality rates from infectious diseases?

    <p>Technological innovations like vaccines and antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a narrow base with a lower proportion of young individuals compared to the elderly population?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, what factors are contributing to the expected slowing down of population growth rates in the coming decades?

    <p>Demographic transitions and socio-economic changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a stable population pyramid?

    <p>Uniform distribution across age groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event is depicted in Figure 30 regarding the human population?

    <p>Exponential population growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Age-Gender Population Pyramids play in providing insights into?

    <p>Population structure and demographic trends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of countries are characterized by Expanding Population Pyramids?

    <p>Developing countries with growing populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which innovation revolutionized human societies by enabling the production of surplus food?

    <p>Development of agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of logistic population growth would you likely observe slowing growth due to increasing environmental resistance?

    <p>Deceleration phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic trend indicates a slowing down of South Africa's population growth in the future?

    <p>Declining fertility rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'fertility' primarily refer to?

    <p>Capability of females to produce offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences 'natalist rate' within a population?

    <p>Fertility of females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of 'migration' in population dynamics?

    <p>Periodic movement for survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept defines the sustainable population size within an ecosystem?

    <p>Carrying capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an 'unstable population' in relation to carrying capacity?

    <p>Exceeds environmental resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'population stability' imply in terms of population growth rate?

    <p>Sustaining a zero growth rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth involves rapid increase in population size?

    <p>Exponential growth phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

    <p>Quadrat sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction involves social competition between organisms of different species?

    <p>Interspecific competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population growth model describes a population size that doubles each generation, often seen in bacteria?

    <p>Geometric growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of predators on ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>Limiting prey populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences a population proportionally to its size even if the population is small?

    <p>Natural disasters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase where prey populations decline due to increased predation and environmental resistance?

    <p>Death/extinction phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is commonly used to estimate population density by sampling individuals within defined areas?

    <p>Quadrat sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a population that stabilizes over time due to environmental carrying capacity?

    <p>Equilibrium phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource limits often halt geometric growth in populations?

    <p>Limited nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

    <p>Parasitism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationships are essential for influencing population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem stability?

    <p>Mutualistic relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of social organization benefits survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the population members?

    <p>Herding Behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In herding behavior, what is the purpose of surrounding young offspring within the center of the herd by adults?

    <p>Increasing predator vigilance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes cooperative, coordinated movements in catching and killing prey?

    <p>Pack Hunting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of the 'alpha' individual in animal groups displaying dominance hierarchies?

    <p>Ensuring reproductive success (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy involves collective action of individuals in a group without centralized direction?

    <p>Herding Behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential aspect of interactions within animal populations that leads to division of labor among group members?

    <p>Enhancement of ecosystem stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of actions in animal groups is synonymous with coordinated and purposeful hunting movements?

    <p>Pack Hunting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial role do pioneer species play in primary succession?

    <p>Accelerating soil formation through secretion of acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary succession, what typically follows the establishment of grasses and herbaceous plants before the colonization of shrubs and trees?

    <p>Mosses and ferns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a climax community in succession dynamics?

    <p>To maintain stability and balance within the ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes secondary succession from primary succession?

    <p>Quicker progression of community changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does secondary succession typically progress more rapidly than primary succession?

    <p>Because of the presence of a pre-existing soil base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do small shrubs and ferns play in the process of primary succession?

    <p>Enhancing the soil's fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism group is the last to colonize in the succession process of primary succession?

    <p>Hardwood trees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does each successive community in primary succession alter the environment?

    <p>By increasing soil fertility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor leads to the establishment of a climax community in ecological succession?

    <p>Dynamic balance between species and environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do native grasses and shrubs play a significant role in secondary succession?

    <p>By facilitating the colonization of more competitive flora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly contributed to the exponential growth of the human population as discussed in the text?

    <p>Advancements in medical technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a population pyramid reflecting a declining population trend?

    <p>Shift towards a larger base of elderly individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic characteristic is typical of developed countries like Italy and Japan based on their population pyramids?

    <p>Aging populations with low birth rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of future population trends for government agencies and policymakers as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Adjusting infrastructure planning to meet future needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of an expanding population pyramid?

    <p>High proportion of young individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do advanced fertility treatments like IVF (In vitro fertilization) potentially play in future population dynamics?

    <p>Contributes to increased birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact could a decrease in life expectancy within a population have on future population growth trends?

    <p>Slowed population growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a population pyramid indicative of a stable population?

    <p>Uniform distribution across age groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do technological advances such as communication systems contribute to population growth?

    <p>Promote economic growth and urbanization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlates with a wider base in an age-gender population pyramid?

    <p>Increased fertility rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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