Population Ecology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the intrinsic growth rate?

  • The rate at which a population increases or decreases in size. (correct)
  • The rate at which a population decreases due to natural disasters.
  • The number of individuals per given area.
  • The maximum number of individuals an area can sustainably support.

Which of the following is a density-dependent factor?

  • Natural disasters
  • Climate change
  • Solar radiation
  • Water availability (correct)

What describes K-selected species?

  • Having slow growth rate and high parental care. (correct)
  • Showing high reproductive rates and low parental care.
  • Exhibiting short lifespans and low survival rates.
  • Experiencing rapid fluctuations in population size.

What does carrying capacity (K) refer to?

<p>The maximum number of individuals an area can sustainably support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model represents population growth without limits?

<p>Exponential Growth Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form does the logistic growth model represent population growth?

<p>S-shaped curve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the distribution pattern of individuals in a population?

<p>Distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a survivorship curve graph represent?

<p>The proportion of individuals surviving to each age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor?

<p>Weather changes affecting all populations equally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factors influence changes in population size?

<p>Births, deaths, immigration, and emigration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding density-dependent factors is correct?

<p>They depend on population density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes K-selected species?

<p>Few offspring with high parental care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the logistic growth model illustrate?

<p>Initial exponential growth followed by a leveling-off (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a population's carrying capacity?

<p>The maximum sustainable population size for an environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of population dynamics, what is emigration?

<p>The departure of individuals from a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the intrinsic growth rate (r) in population ecology?

<p>It reflects the rate of change in population size over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of density-independent factors?

<p>Affect populations regardless of density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the exponential growth model represent?

<p>A rapid and continuous growth pattern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is illustrated by survivorship curves?

<p>The pattern of survival and mortality rates over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does age structure have on a population?

<p>It provides insight into the potential for future population growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by high mortality in early life?

<p>Type 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does population size influence the health of a population?

<p>It affects resource availability and competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of predator-prey relationships?

<p>Predator populations fluctuate in response to changes in prey populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the change in population (ΔN)?

<p>Births - Deaths + Immigration - Emigration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence a population's sex ratio?

<p>Population size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which survivorship type do individuals generally survive well into adulthood?

<p>Type 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'density' refer to in population ecology?

<p>The number of individuals per unit area or volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the population of Canada lynx in relation to arctic hares?

<p>Lynx populations fluctuate, following hare population changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the growth rate (r) of a population measure?

<p>The change in population size over a given time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth is represented by a J-shaped curve?

<p>Exponential growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is characteristic of K-selected species?

<p>High parental investment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which survivorship curve shows a constant mortality rate throughout life?

<p>Type 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the carrying capacity (K) refer to in population ecology?

<p>Maximum population size the habitat can sustain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population model describes a population limited by carrying capacity?

<p>Logistic growth model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the intrinsic growth rate (r) indicate?

<p>Population's potential growth under ideal conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of r-selected species?

<p>Rapid reproduction with low offspring survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a population's size affected?

<p>By births, deaths, immigration, and emigration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Arctic hare is accurate?

<p>It exhibits boom-and-bust population cycles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by a Type 3 survivorship curve?

<p>High mortality rate early in life with lower mortality later (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ΔN represent in population ecology?

<p>The change in population size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the growth rate calculated?

<p>By dividing ΔN by N₀ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the long-term health of the whooping crane population?

<p>Habitat protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a factor included in the calculation of ΔN?

<p>Population density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decline in the whooping crane population illustrate?

<p>The effects of conservation efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines intrinsic growth rate (r)?

<p>The maximum growth of a population under ideal conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does immigration play in population change?

<p>It increases population size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect the growth rate of a population?

<p>Social structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population dynamics, what is emigration?

<p>The departure of individuals from a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive intrinsic growth rate (r) indicate about a population?

<p>The population is increasing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the carrying capacity (K) of an environment?

<p>The maximum population size that an environment can sustain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains density-dependent factors?

<p>They have a greater impact as population density increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model accurately depicts population growth that eventually stabilizes near carrying capacity?

<p>Logistic growth model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes characteristics of r-selected species?

<p>Rapid growth and many offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between population density and disease impact?

<p>Higher density can enhance disease spread. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by a constant mortality rate throughout an organism's life?

<p>Type 2 survivorship curve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of reaching carrying capacity on a population's growth?

<p>Growth will slow due to increased density-dependent factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What most significantly influences the intrinsic growth rate (r) of a population?

<p>The birth and death rates within the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor?

<p>Natural disasters like floods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the maximum population size an environment can sustain?

<p>Carrying capacity (K) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which growth model produces a J-shaped curve representing ideal conditions?

<p>Exponential growth model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a population that clusters together rather than distributes evenly?

<p>Clumped distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which survivorship curve do most individuals survive well into adulthood?

<p>Type 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is typical of r-selected species?

<p>Short life span (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors limit population size regardless of density?

<p>Density-independent factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population?

<p>Distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a negative intrinsic growth rate (r)?

<p>Population is decreasing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by a constant mortality rate throughout life?

<p>Type 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In population ecology, what does 'density' specifically refer to?

<p>Number of individuals per unit area or volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge associated with conducting a complete census of a population?

<p>It can be difficult or impossible in some cases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence the fluctuation of a population's size?

<p>Natural disasters and competition for resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is described as having a single, distinct population?

<p>Kirtland's Warbler (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ecologists often estimate the population size when a complete census is impractical?

<p>By applying statistical methods in field studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the actual number of organisms in a population?

<p>Population size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context might the analysis of the Kirtland's Warbler be particularly relevant?

<p>Forestry, wildlife management, and conservation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species has populations distributed throughout a wide geographical area?

<p>Spotted Owl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of observation is critical for determining the current status of a population?

<p>Systematic field observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mathematical tools in studying populations?

<p>To characterize responses to environmental changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when estimating population size in large or dispersed populations?

<p>Mobility and evasiveness of the organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population index used for?

<p>To provide data that is cheaper to collect but may be biased. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to monitor the abundance of Wildebeest in the Serengeti?

<p>Monitoring by aircraft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Belant et al. (2019) compare to determine the reliability of an index measure?

<p>An index based on lion tracks versus a formal estimate of population size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to validate an index used for estimating population size?

<p>To avoid overestimating or underestimating population sizes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of index data for large mammals?

<p>The number of tracks or scat found during a survey. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue was found with the commonly used index of lion abundance based on tracks?

<p>It overestimated the lion population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many male Kirtland’s Warblers were typically monitored each spring to estimate their population?

<p>Approximately 4000. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population size was recorded for the Wildebeest in the 1960s?

<p>Approximately 250,000. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in estimating the number of endangered species individuals?

<p>The determination of individuals establishing territories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often faced when using population indices for conservation?

<p>They can provide inaccurate assessments of population status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intrinsic Growth Rate

The natural rate at which a population increases or decreases.

Density

The number of individuals in a given area.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.

Density-Dependent Factors

Factors that limit a population's growth based on its density.

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K-Selected Species

Species with a slow growth rate, reaching carrying capacity.

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r-Selected Species

Species with a fast growth rate, experiencing boom-and-bust cycles.

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Exponential Growth

Population growth without limits, producing a J-shaped curve.

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Logistic Growth

Population growth with limits, leading to an S-shaped curve.

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Density-Independent Factors

Factors limiting population growth regardless of population density.

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Population Growth Model

Mathematical representations of population changes over time.

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Population Ecology

The study of how populations change in size, distribution, age structure, and sex ratio over time.

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Immigration

The arrival of new individuals into a population from another area.

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Emigration

The departure of individuals from a population to another area.

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Limiting Resources

Factors like food, water, and shelter that become scarce as a population grows.

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Type 1 Survivorship Curve

A pattern where most individuals survive early life, but death rates increase dramatically later in life.

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Type 2 Survivorship Curve

A consistent mortality rate across all ages, with no specific period of high or low risk.

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Type 3 Survivorship Curve

A high mortality rate in early life, with only a few individuals surviving to adulthood.

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Predator-Prey Relationships

The close ecological connection between a predator and its prey, where fluctuations in one population often impact the other.

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Change in Population (ΔN)

The net change in the size of a population over time, considering births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

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Growth Rate (r)

The rate at which a population is changing in size, expressed as a percentage.

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Population Size

The total number of individuals in a population, a fundamental factor in population ecology.

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Distribution

The spatial arrangement of individuals within their habitat, highlighting where they are found.

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Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population, influencing mating dynamics.

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What limits population growth?

Density-dependent factors limit growth based on population density (e.g., food, space). Density-independent factors impact growth regardless of density (e.g., natural disasters).

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Carrying Capacity (K)

The maximum population size an environment can sustain over time given available resources.

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Intrinsic Growth Rate (r)

The potential rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions (unlimited resources, no competition).

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J-shaped Curve

Represents exponential growth where a population increases rapidly with no limits.

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S-shaped Curve

Represents logistic growth where a population grows rapidly initially, then levels off as it approaches carrying capacity.

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Survivorship Curves

Graphs showing the survival rate of individuals in a population over time, categorized into three types.

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ΔN = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

This formula calculates the change in population size, considering births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

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Growth Rate

The rate at which a population changes in size, calculated by dividing the change in population size (ΔN) by the initial population size (N₀).

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Whooping Crane

A species that experienced a dramatic population decline but has been recovering through conservation efforts.

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Conservation Efforts

Actions taken to protect and manage species and habitats, like habitat restoration and population monitoring.

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Habitat Protection

Preserving the areas where species live, ensuring access to resources and shelter.

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Long-Term Health

The sustainability of a population over time, affected by factors like habitat quality and conservation efforts.

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Population Decline

A decrease in population size over time, often caused by factors like habitat loss or disease.

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Exponential growth model

A model describing population growth under ideal conditions (unlimited resources, no competition). This leads to rapid and continuous population growth, represented by a J-shaped curve.

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Logistic growth model

A model depicting population growth that levels off as it approaches carrying capacity, represented by an S-shaped curve. This model acknowledges that resources are limited.

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Kirtland's Warbler

A North American songbird species with a single population primarily found in northern Michigan.

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Spotted Owl

A species of owl with multiple distinct populations spread across western US, Canada, and Mexico.

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Population Size (N)

The total number of individuals within a population.

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Population Dynamics

How populations change in size, distribution, and other characteristics over time.

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Factors Affecting Population Dynamics

Various factors that influence population changes, including environmental changes, disasters, and competition for resources.

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Population Census

Counting every individual in a population for accurate size determination.

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Population Estimation

Using field studies and statistics to estimate population size when a full census isn't possible.

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Kasekela Chimpanzee Population

Well-studied population of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, where a census is possible.

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Seychelles Warbler

A bird species found on islands in the Indian Ocean, where a census is possible.

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Static vs. Dynamic Population Characteristics

Distinguishing between unchanging features like geographic distribution and dynamic aspects like population size fluctuations.

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Population Index

A measure that correlates with the actual size of a population, often used when directly counting individuals is difficult or expensive.

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Why are population indexes useful?

Population indexes are less expensive and time-consuming to collect than direct population counts, making them practical for monitoring populations over time.

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Limitations of population indexes

Population indexes can be biased and inaccurate, so they should be validated by comparing them to real population counts whenever possible.

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What does 'validating' a population index mean?

Checking the accuracy of a population index by comparing it to a more reliable estimate of population size.

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How are lion populations often monitored?

Track and scat frequency are used to estimate lion populations, as they are cheaper than directly counting lions.

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What are the benefits of monitoring endangered species?

Monitoring endangered species helps researchers determine how many individuals are left, assess conservation efforts, and track their recovery.

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Why is the Kirtland's Warbler an example of intensive monitoring?

Being very rare, monitoring the Kirtland's Warbler is crucial to understand its population size and recovery efforts.

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How is the Wildebeest population monitored?

The Wildebeest population in the Serengeti is monitored using aircraft surveys, enabling researchers to track its changes over time.

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What does monitoring the Wildebeest population tell us?

Wildebeest abundance is a crucial indicator of the health and functioning of the Serengeti ecosystem, demonstrating its ecological importance.

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Why are monitoring efforts important for species like Wildebeest?

Monitoring populations of economically important species helps to manage their populations and ensure sustainable use for future generations.

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Study Notes

Population Ecology

  • Whooping Crane Conservation:
    • The whooping crane population in the U.S. declined from 10,000 to 15 individuals by 1938.
    • Scientists are working to protect their breeding grounds and increase their population.

Factors Affecting Population Size

  • Intrinsic Growth Rate:

    • The rate at which a population increases or decreases in size.
    • Influenced by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.
  • Density:

    • The number of individuals per given area.
    • Can be described as low, high, or even, depending on the distribution of individuals within an area.
  • Distribution:

    • Can be random, uniform, or clumped.
  • Sex Ratio:

    • The proportion of males to females in a population.
  • Age Structure:

    • The number of individuals in each age group.
  • Density-Dependent Factors:

    • Factors that limit growth based on the population's density.
    • Include limited food, water, shelter, and disease.
    • Result in the population reaching a carrying capacity.
  • Carrying Capacity (K):

    • The maximum number of individuals an area can sustainably support.
  • Density-Independent Factors:

    • Factors that limit growth regardless of population density.
    • Include natural disasters like floods and fires.

Population Growth Models

  • Exponential Growth Model:

    • Represents population growth without limits.
    • Results in a J-shaped curve that indicates rapid population increase.
    • Equation: Nt = N0ert
      • Nt = population at any time (t)
      • N0 = initial population
      • r = intrinsic growth rate
      • e = mathematical constant (approximately 2.71)
      • t = time
  • Logistic Growth Model:

    • Represents population growth with limitations.
    • Growth rate slows down as the population reaches carrying capacity.
    • Results in an S-shaped curve.

Species Strategies

  • K-Selected Species:

    • Have a slow growth rate and reach a stable population size close to the carrying capacity.
    • Typically exhibit long lifespans, low reproductive rates, and high parental care.
    • Examples: Humans and whooping cranes.
  • r-Selected Species:

    • Have a rapid growth rate, often experiencing boom-and-bust cycles.
    • Typically exhibit short lifespans, high reproductive rates, and low parental care.
    • Examples: Arctic hares and many insects.
  • Survivorship Curves:

    • Graphs that show the proportion of individuals surviving to each age.
    • Type 1: High survival rates early in life, with high mortality rates later in life (e.g., humans).
    • Type 2: Constant mortality rate throughout life (e.g., songbirds).
    • Type 3: High mortality rates early in life, with low mortality rates later in life (e.g., acorns).
  • Predator-Prey Relationships:

    • The population cycles of predators and prey are often linked.
    • As prey populations increase, predator populations also increase.
    • As prey populations decline, predator populations decline.
  • Calculating Population Change:

    • Equation: ΔN = B - D + I - E
      • ΔN = change in population size
      • B = births
      • D = deaths
      • I = immigration
      • E = emigration
    • Growth rate (r) = ΔN/N0
      • N0 = initial population size

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