Population Ecology Quiz

True (A)

Population size, geographic range, and habitat tolerance.

<p>Birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohort life tables = Track individuals born at the same time Static life tables = Provide a snapshot of survival over a short period Age distribution analysis = Reflect the proportion of individuals in different age classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>California condor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to their limited range and habitat requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist indefinitely if their niches are identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intraspecific competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intraspecific Competition = Competition among individuals of the same species Interspecific Competition = Competition between individuals of different species Interference Competition = Direct aggressive interactions over resources Exploitative Competition = Indirect competition via resource consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth slows as the population approaches carrying capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth and death rates, immigration, and emigration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>λ</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population Size (N) = The total number of individuals in a population Carrying Capacity (K) = The maximum population size that an environment can sustain Per Capita Growth Rate (r) = The rate of growth per individual in a population Growth Rate (dN/dt) = The change in population size over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth rates, death rates, immigration, or emigration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Georgyi Gause</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>competitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niche differentiation = Species evolve to use different resources Competitive equivalence = Unpredictable outcomes in species competition Overcompensation = Increased growth following herbivory Induced defenses = Defense mechanisms activated by herbivore damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different areas have varying levels of predation risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance and tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>genetic differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to increased growth after herbivory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niche differentiation and resource partitioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorns = Resistance Chemical defenses = Resistance Induced defenses = Defense mechanisms activated by damage Constitutive defenses = Always present defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They connect similar habitat patches, facilitating movement and gene flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patches = Relatively homogeneous areas differing from surroundings Matrix = Most continuous element in a landscape Edge Effects = Changes at boundaries of patches Connectivity = Facilitating movement among patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolated patches leading to population declines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes across various scales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dynamics of predator-prey relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species richness and species evenness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Commensalism = (+/0) Mutualism = (+/+) Exploitation = (-/+) Amensalism = (-/0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental conditions remain constant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of refugia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Müllerian mimicry = Multiple toxic species sharing similar warning signals Batesian mimicry = Harmless species mimicking harmful species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent species diversity and can compare ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmit pathogens without being affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ignored</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversity within a specific area focusing on species richness and evenness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain community structure and diversity despite their low abundance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of organisms that exploit resources similarly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modify the environment, making it suitable for later successional species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitation = Pioneer species modify the environment for later species Inhibition = Early colonizers hinder establishment of other species Tolerance = Later species can establish without inhibiting others Competitive Hierarchy = Some species dominate in resource utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total diversity within a larger region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modify the environment to create habitats for other species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>conserving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ecosystems recover after disturbances without destroying the soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The way individuals are spaced within a population (random, regular, or clumped)

Individuals have an equal chance of being found anywhere in a habitat, neutral interactions.

Individuals avoid each other or claim exclusive areas, often seen in territorial species.

Individuals are grouped together due to mutual attraction or limited dispersal of offspring.

Characteristics like mortality, age, sex, and dispersal patterns that describe how a population is organized.

Tools used to summarize survival patterns using age-specific survival and mortality rates.

Proportion of individuals in different age classes (age structure) in a population.

A measure of how common or rare a species is determined by population size, geographic range, and habitat tolerance.

Two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely due to competition for resources.

The role or position of a species within its ecosystem, including its habitat, resource use, and interactions.

Variation in environmental conditions across landscapes, influencing competition intensity.

Predation or disease prevents species from reaching carrying capacity, allowing coexistence.

Two species have similar competitive abilities, leading to unpredictable competition outcomes.

Species coexist by utilizing resources differently in the same habitat, reducing direct competition.

Competitive strength varies within a species based on factors like age, health, and environmental conditions.

Plants have evolved mechanisms to deter herbivory, categorized as resistance (preventing) and tolerance (mitigating).

Plant defenses activated in response to herbivore damage.

Plants show increased growth following herbivory, often due to nutrient cycling and reduced competition.

Predators influence prey populations through stress, behavioral changes, and other effects besides direct consumption.

The consumption of plant material by animals.

The maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support.

Species utilize resources at different times of day or year to reduce competition.

Two or more species living in the same habitat without one driving the other to extinction.

The probability of an individual surviving to a certain age in a population.

High survivorship throughout life, with most individuals living to old age. Example: Humans.

Constant survival rate regardless of age. Example: Some birds.

Low survivorship in early life stages, but high survival rates once maturity is reached. Example: Fish.

The change in the number of individuals in a population over time, influenced by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

Population growth in discrete, non-overlapping generations with a constant ratio of population size between generations.

Population growth where the rate of growth is proportional to the current population size, creating a rapid increase.

Population growth that slows down as it approaches carrying capacity due to resource limitations. S-shaped curve.

The maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support given available resources.

An interaction between organisms where individuals compete for the same limited resources, resulting in a negative impact on at least one of them.

Competition between individuals of the same species for resources, often leading to self-thinning as population density decreases.

Competition between individuals of different species for resources, which can lead to niche differentiation and resource partitioning.

The process by which species specialize in different ways to avoid direct competition for resources, allowing coexistence.

This model states that early colonizing species don't necessarily help later species establish. Instead, climax species can arrive early, and coexistence happens without direct assistance. The climax community is reached when no more species can tolerate the environment.

This model suggests that early colonizers can hinder the establishment of later species by making the environment less favorable. It emphasizes competition between species during succession. Climax communities have long-lived, disturbance-resistant species.

The study of the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological processes across various scales. It looks at how the layout of a landscape affects ecosystems.

This refers to the arrangement of different areas within a landscape. It includes the size, shape, composition, quantity, and location of patches. A patch is a relatively uniform area with specific conditions, and the matrix is the most widespread element.

These are ecological functions influenced by landscape structure, like how energy flows, nutrients cycle, and species are distributed. Habitat fragmentation can isolate populations, impacting movement and population dynamics.

Changes in community structure and population dynamics at the edges of patches. These changes can be due to differences in factors like sunlight, moisture, and temperature.

The breaking up of a continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches, affecting species movement and population size.

The degree to which different habitat patches are linked, allowing species movement and gene flow. It is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Grouping organisms based on their growth forms and ecological roles, like trees and grasses.

A group of organisms that exploit resources similarly, like seed-eating animals in a forest.

Organisms with similar ecological roles, morphological traits, or behaviors, like diurnal raptors.

The diversity within a specific area or ecosystem, considering species richness and evenness.

The differences in species composition between different communities, highlighting turnover rates.

The total diversity within a larger region, encompassing both alpha and beta diversity.

Illustrates feeding relationships within a community, showing energy and nutrient flow through trophic levels.

Some species are superior competitors, influencing community composition and structure.

Species with a disproportionately large impact on their community structure relative to their abundance.

Organisms that modify their environment, creating habitats for other species.

The gradual process of change in species composition in an area following a disturbance, leading to a new ecological community.

Occurs on newly exposed substrates, like bare rock.

Follows disturbances that don't destroy the soil, like fires.

Moderate levels of disturbance can enhance species diversity by preventing competitive exclusion.

The ability of a community to resist change and recover after disturbances.

The interaction between two species where one species (predator) hunts and consumes another species (prey), affecting their population sizes.

A mathematical model that predicts cyclical patterns in predator and prey populations, demonstrating their interdependence.

Techniques prey species use to avoid being eaten by predators, including camouflage, warning coloration, and behavior adaptations.

Bright, contrasting colors or patterns used by prey species to warn predators of their toxicity or unpalatability.

When multiple toxic species share similar warning signals, enhancing predator learning and avoidance.

When a harmless species mimics the appearance of a harmful one to avoid predation.

Larger prey may be ignored by predators, providing a size-based refuge.

An interaction where both species benefit from the relationship.

An interaction where one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host).

An atypical condition that causes physiological impairment, influenced by genetic, environmental, and pathogen factors.

An organism that causes disease.

The study of how different species interact within a defined area, influencing ecological processes.

The composition and organization of a community, including factors like species richness, abundance, and diversity.

The biological, chemical, and physical processes that occur within an ecosystem, influenced by community interactions.

A graphical representation showing the relative abundance of species against their rank in abundance, providing insights into community structure.