Population and Settlement: Population Dynamics

Theme 1: Population and Settlement

Population Dynamics

• The world population increases daily
• Overpopulation occurs when resources are insufficient for the population size
• Underpopulation: resources exceed the needs of the population
• Optimum population means the number of people and available resources are balanced
• Birth rate is the average number of live births per 1000 people each year
• Death rate is the average number of deaths per 1000 people each year
• Natural increase is a country's birth rate minus its death rate

Overpopulation Causes and Impacts

• High rates of birth and fertility lead to overpopulation
• Low access to family planning contributes to overpopulation
• Low levels of education for women, causing women to marry early also contributes to overpopulation
• Some impacts of overpopulation are lack of water, high crime, unemployment, pressure on resources, soil erosion, inflation, and pollution

Underpopulation Causes and Impacts

• Low birth and fertility rates cause underpopulation
• High levels of education for women, leading to later marriages, contributes to underpopulation
• Low infant mortality rates
• Higher life expectancy
• Some impacts of underpopulation are low crime, worker shortages, lack of pressure on resources, few taxpayers, and lack of innovation

Population Change

• Population can change through migration from one place to another
• Natural population change is the birth rate minus the death rate

Migration

• Migration: the movement of people from one location to another

Types of Migration

• Immigrants arrive in a country to live there permanently
• Emigrants leave a country to live in another country permanently
• Internal migration occurs when people move within a country
• International migration is when people move from one country to another across borders
• Temporary migration is when people stay in an area for a limited time
• Permanent migration is when people move and do not return
• Involuntary migration is forced migration
• Voluntary migration is when people choose to move
• Refugees are forced to leave homes due to natural disasters, war, persecution etc
• Asylum seekers seek refuge in a foreign country due to life-threatening conditions in their home country

Reasons for Migration

• Push factors: reasons to leave a home country
• Pull factors attract migrants to a new destination

Push and Pull Factors

• Unemployment, war, pollution, high crime, poor services, poor housing etc, are examples of push factors
• Job opportunities, better salaries, good services, peace, safety, citizenship, freedom etc, are examples of pull factors

Impact of Migration on Origin Country

• Advantages: Less pressure on healthcare, decline in birth rate, remittances, skill export, lower unemployment, less congestion and pollution
• Disadvantages: Reduced labour force, brain drain, family separation, elderly population left behind, tax increases, and depopulation affects agriculture

Impact of Migration on Destination Country

• Advantages: Overcomes labor shortages, dirty jobs done, more expertise, innovation, cultural diversity, low cost labor, boosts economy
• Disadvantages: Job competition, more pressure on services, congestion, discrimination, racial problems, and environmental pollution

Impact on Migrants

• Positive: More job opportunities, better salary, improved services, safety, higher pay, better living, remittances, quality of life
• Negative: Culture shocks, racism, housing issues, language barriers, integration issues, family separation, and higher living costs

Population Structure

• An ageing population has a high proportion of older people (60+ years old)
• The dependent population consists of people who do not work, such as the retired and young children
• Population pyramids are graphs showing the age and sex structure of a country

Implications of Dependents

• A decline in child-related services and fewer future jobs
• Fewer consumers and taxpayers
• Increased age of the population

Impact of Too Many Old Dependents

• Pressure on pension systems and healthcare, changes in population structure
• Loneliness, residential costs
• Inability to evacuate during disasters

Impact of Too Many Young Dependents

• Increased dependency ratio
• Pressure on healthcare and education
• Difficult evacuations

Types of Population Pyramids

• Stage 1 (Expansive): high birth and death rates, short life expectancy
• Stage 2 (Expansive): high birth rate, falling death rate, slightly longer life expectancy
• Stage 3 (Stationary): declining birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy
• Stage 4 (Contractive): low birth and death rates, longer life expectancy, higher dependency ratio

Population Density and Distribution

• Population density is the number of people per unit area, typically per square kilometer
• Sparsely populated areas have low population density
• Densely populated areas have high population density

Sparsely Populated Areas

• Physical factors include harsh areas, mountainous terrain, extreme climates, and high flood risk
• Economic factors include infertile soil, frequent natural disasters, no water, and few opportunities
• Social factors include bad communication, high crime rates, lack of culture and religious beliefs
• Political factors include government corruption and poor services

Densely Populated Areas

• Physical factors: Flat relief, good climate, availability of resources
• Economic: Fertile land, few natural disasters, water ways, employment, good infrastructure,
• Social: Good communication and low crime
• Political: Reliable government, good public services

Rural and Urban Settlements

• Settlement patterns are dispersed, linear, or nucleated
• Site describes the physical location of a settlement
• Situation describes the settlement relative to other settlements and physical features

Factors Influencing Settlements

• Location for water and resources is key for settlements
• Building material and defense
• Also impacted bu fuel and food supplies

Hierarchy of Settlements

• A settlements hierarchy are ordered and classified based on certain characteristics

Urban Settlements

• Urban Settlements have several land uses
• The Central Business District has high land proces, high-rise bulidings and skyscrapers and is very accessible
• Outer-city estate: Has varied housing
• Rural-urban fringe: A mixture of land uses
• Industrial areas are inportant for access to materials and power, disposal of waste etc..

Urban Growth in Urban Areas

• Urban Growth/Sprawl: rapid urbanisation leads to infriengement in the rural areas

Problems of urban growth

• Over crowding, low pay, crime and sanitation issues for residents
• Loss of habitat and enviromental concerns

Urban Growth in Rural Areas

• rural areas may seek a rapid urbanization for economic benefits

Problems in Rural Growth

• Movement of people from the countryside towards cities due to a lack of opportunities

Theme 2: The Natural Environment

Defining Volcanoes

• Volcanoes erupt magma, becoming lava on the surface
• A volcano has magma chamber, vent, crater, and may have secondary cones
• Volcanic eruptions are caused by moving tectonic plates and pressure release

Formation

• Plates moving → Magma explodes to the surface, causing an eruption
• Lava cools and forms a new crust

Environmental Impacts

• Pyroclastic flow → Loss of life and injury
• lava flow → collapse and destruction of buildings
• volcanic bombs → transport network damaged
• Laharas → Loss of jobs and businesses
• earthquakes → Loss of crops
• ashfall → Power and water supply damaged

Human Impact

• The cooled lava contains minerals and leads to a high yield of crops,
• Tourism: Many people want to visit the area and study it

Volcano Stages

• Active: has erupted recently and is likely to erupt again
• Dormant: has not erupted recently but may in the future
• Extinct: no evidence to erupt again

Types Of Volcanoes

• Shield Volcano contain low viscosity and basaltic lava are low to the ground
• Composite Volcano viscouos/thick, high in height and contain short distance

Causes of Eruptions

• At constructive margin, plates move away from each other; magma rises to fill the gap;;
• At the destructive margin, oceanic crust melts from friction and heat from the mantle; newly formed magma is lighter, so it rises to the surface

Tectonic Plates

Defining Earthquakes

• Earthquakes is a sudden violent shaking of ground
• Earthquakes result waves running through the earth
• Pressure and tension build up as the plates try to move

Environtal Effects

• A large number of deaths
• Fires breaking out
• Water pipes burst
• Water contamination, diseases
• Corpses: human & animal
• Accessibility difficult

Reducing Earthquakes

• Prediction: Measure earth tremors pressure and release of gas
• Preparation: Build earthquake-proof buildings with Train emergency services

Features of Earthquakes

• Focus: point of earthquake
• Epicentre: point directly above the focus, on the ground
• Seismic waves & shaking

Tectonic Plates

• Tectonic plates can impact natural formation

Plate Boundaries

• Plate Boundaries impact earthquake liklihood, for example when two platse Collide together.

Rivers

• Drainage basin: the area of land drained by a river.
• Catchment areas are at the base of a river Watershed is the ege or highgland that surrounds a drainage basis.

The Hydrological cycle

• cycle is where water constantly recycled
• Involve inputs and outputs to the land with a cycle which inlucdes precipiration and evaportion.

River Processes

• River channels and banks

Erosion

• Abrasion: particles rub against banks and bed
• Solution acids in river dissolves rocks.
• Types: Vertical, lateral

Forms

• V shaped valleys
• flood plains,
• and more

Waterfalls

• from in upper of river Occurs where band hard rock overlies a safter rock

Processes

• Erosion, Transportation and Deposition happen in stages

Rivers and landforms

• erosion
• trahsportation,
• depsition

Impacts of Meanders

• creates wider spaces

River Processes and Environment

• flooding and damges

Causes of Flooding

• no vegetation
• deforestation , urbanization with steep slopes.
• wet sool over satuation

Flood Management

• dams and flood reief systems

Environmental Impacts

• rising sea water and loss of homes

Coasts

• Erosion - Abrasión & Corrosion
• Transportation attrition & Deposition.

Constructive / Destructive

• both contributr towards creation and destruction of habitats

Impacts

• Swash & Swell
• Waves

Longshore Drift

• rocks and waves

Managing Coatsal enviornments

• enginnering, land magagment, stablisaton

LAnd forms

• Cliffs & wave cut platforms
• Headlnds & salt marches

Sandy Coastline

• dunes a re created by wind ad water

Marine plants

need water

Types of Weather

• weather in our atmoshere
• depends and varies with temp, light, rain, seasons etc

Instruments

• Stevenson Screen - thermometer set uo for the temperature
• Rainfall - has cylinder and a messurment to hold rain water.
• Anemometer - measures the wind speed.
• heliograph recirds sunshine

Measurement

• how to actually collate and measure data and other impacts

Recording

• Wind vane to record direction

Aspects

• wind is high and blows
• make sure no tree block
• average out day temp

Weather and CLimate

• different factors

Theme 3: Economic Development

Economic development

depends on development and the process of a country were equality is met in a better economy

Measurement

Gross national prduct measure wealth, literacy and population.

The economic sectors.

involvies makinh, providing purchasing goods and services

types of sectors

• primary
• secondary
• terturary
• quatinary

Sector of Indusrty

• Majority can be tertiary
• Few in the secondary sector primary

Grahana - LEDC

• primary sectors are higg

UK - MEDC

Low proportion in the primary sector + High secondary

Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through economic cultural political & Tourism

causes

Improvements & transport etc. Labour availability and skills

Impacts

Impact economic growth & Job Enviornmental factors affecting global warming

TNC Trasnational corporation.

• Companies that operate in more than one country usually in foreign countries or overseas. • Jobs increases skills and good Education

• Damages to the Environment and Cultural loss.

Food and agriculture. Climate is most affected -

Human input and process

inputs → out puts

•

• • • Effects . Hunger and rising food-prices and wasting the food.

Solutions - High Yields

Irrigation. Farmers growing knowledge. Low prices due to tech

• Industrial. • Inputs resources and transportation etc • Processes turning raw materials. • Out puts of waste or loss. Types & Industries • Manufacturing products used for customers Industry type locations, impact and factors.

What is needed for tourism

Travel, transportations and weather all factor into this/

How to boost tourism

Improved nature , tax and language skills

• Improve sustainable practice and electricity

• Shortages of supplies.

• Increased money for new attractions • Travel and transportations Increased many factors , natural for Human attractions.

• Resources demand and growth

Reable

• • energy derived the sun through
• solar - Radiation heat. • What is water from energy

Type of water

scare and needed to be used properly

Used for

Agruculture = Industrial . • and other - for domestic, . • Dominate from pollution. • Reservior

• Well

• water shorts and climate change & Demands and shortages. •

• Eutorphyication and pollution. • Water shortage due to drought. • Water charities