Pontine Respiratory Group and Respiratory Pattern Modulation

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Where is the central pattern generator (CPG) for respiration located?

Thalamus

Medullary respiratory center (correct)

Pons

Cerebellum

Which nucleus in the pons is involved in fine-tuning the respiratory pattern and responding to hypercapnea or hypoxia?

Nucleus parabrachialis medialis (NPBM) (correct)

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF)

What is responsible for the myogenic beating of the heart?

Central pattern generator

Expiratory neurons

Neurogenic signals (correct)

Inspiratory neurons

Which nerves are associated with opening the mouth during breathing?

Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal) Signup and view all the answers

Why are inspiratory and expiratory neurons considered intermingled?

Their classification as distinct centers is no longer accurate Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem houses clusters of respiratory neurons that can be classified as inspiratory or expiratory?

Medulla Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) receive input from?

Higher brain centers, peripheral and central chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are innervated by the phrenic nerve connected to the medullary DRG and VRG?

Diaphragm and external intercostals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors in respiration?

Mediate the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for sending rhythmic drive to motoneurons controlling respiratory muscles?

Central Pattern Generator (CPG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the medullary VRG in respiration?

Connected to spinal nerves innervating internal intercostals and abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved in the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors Signup and view all the answers

Where is the DRG located?

In the nucleus of the tractus solitarius Signup and view all the answers

Which group of neurons is primarily found in the DRG?

Inspiratory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What information do vagal afferents send to the DRG?

Information on arterial PCO2, PO2, and pH Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclei contain the VRG?

Retrofacial nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, and nucleus retroambifualis Signup and view all the answers

Which complex is considered the primary respiratory pattern generator in the brain?

Pre-Bötzinger complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of drugs aimed at stimulating breathing when it is depressed?

VRG Signup and view all the answers