Pontine Respiratory Group and Respiratory Pattern Modulation
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Questions and Answers

Where is the central pattern generator (CPG) for respiration located?

  • Thalamus
  • Medullary respiratory center (correct)
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • Which nucleus in the pons is involved in fine-tuning the respiratory pattern and responding to hypercapnea or hypoxia?

  • Nucleus parabrachialis medialis (NPBM) (correct)
  • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
  • Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
  • Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF)
  • What is responsible for the myogenic beating of the heart?

  • Central pattern generator
  • Expiratory neurons
  • Neurogenic signals (correct)
  • Inspiratory neurons
  • Which nerves are associated with opening the mouth during breathing?

    <p>Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inspiratory and expiratory neurons considered intermingled?

    <p>Their classification as distinct centers is no longer accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brainstem houses clusters of respiratory neurons that can be classified as inspiratory or expiratory?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) receive input from?

    <p>Higher brain centers, peripheral and central chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are innervated by the phrenic nerve connected to the medullary DRG and VRG?

    <p>Diaphragm and external intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors in respiration?

    <p>Mediate the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for sending rhythmic drive to motoneurons controlling respiratory muscles?

    <p>Central Pattern Generator (CPG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the medullary VRG in respiration?

    <p>Connected to spinal nerves innervating internal intercostals and abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

    <p>Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the DRG located?

    <p>In the nucleus of the tractus solitarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurons is primarily found in the DRG?

    <p>Inspiratory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information do vagal afferents send to the DRG?

    <p>Information on arterial PCO2, PO2, and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei contain the VRG?

    <p>Retrofacial nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, and nucleus retroambifualis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is considered the primary respiratory pattern generator in the brain?

    <p>Pre-Bötzinger complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of drugs aimed at stimulating breathing when it is depressed?

    <p>VRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

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