Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which component of a pond ecosystem is considered abiotic?
Which component of a pond ecosystem is considered abiotic?
- Zooplankton
- Phytoplankton
- Fungi
- Water (correct)
The net primary productivity (NPP) is the total biomass produced in photosynthesis without considering respiration losses.
The net primary productivity (NPP) is the total biomass produced in photosynthesis without considering respiration losses.
False (B)
What is the role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?
What is the role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?
To break down dead matter and release nutrients for reuse by autotrophs.
The rate of biomass production in ecosystems is known as __________.
The rate of biomass production in ecosystems is known as __________.
What defines primary production in an ecosystem?
What defines primary production in an ecosystem?
Solar energy is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems.
Solar energy is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems.
What is the formula to calculate Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
What is the formula to calculate Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What are organisms called that feed directly on plants?
What are organisms called that feed directly on plants?
All animals are classified as consumers.
All animals are classified as consumers.
What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?
What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?
The process of obtaining energy by breaking down dead and waste materials is known as ______.
The process of obtaining energy by breaking down dead and waste materials is known as ______.
Match the following types of consumers with their descriptions:
Match the following types of consumers with their descriptions:
Which of the following is considered a tertiary consumer?
Which of the following is considered a tertiary consumer?
The detritus food chain is made up of producers only.
The detritus food chain is made up of producers only.
Name two examples of primary consumers in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Name two examples of primary consumers in a terrestrial ecosystem.
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically a(n):
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically a(n):
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the atmosphere.
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the atmosphere.
What are common detritivores found in our ecosystem?
What are common detritivores found in our ecosystem?
In aquatic ecosystems, the limiting factor for productivity is __________.
In aquatic ecosystems, the limiting factor for productivity is __________.
Match the following layers of the food chain with their descriptions:
Match the following layers of the food chain with their descriptions:
What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
Carnivores in an ecosystem typically have a higher biomass than primary producers.
Carnivores in an ecosystem typically have a higher biomass than primary producers.
How many trophic levels do human beings typically occupy in a food chain?
How many trophic levels do human beings typically occupy in a food chain?
The pyramid of energy is always _____ and can never be inverted.
The pyramid of energy is always _____ and can never be inverted.
Which of these statements reflects an exception to the generalization of ecological pyramids?
Which of these statements reflects an exception to the generalization of ecological pyramids?
Energy at a higher trophic level is always more than at a lower trophic level.
Energy at a higher trophic level is always more than at a lower trophic level.
What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if many insects feed on a single large tree?
What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if many insects feed on a single large tree?
What is the approximate annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?
What is the approximate annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?
Decomposition occurs only in the absence of oxygen.
Decomposition occurs only in the absence of oxygen.
What role do earthworms play in the decomposition process?
What role do earthworms play in the decomposition process?
The final step in decomposition involves the release of inorganic nutrients through a process known as __________.
The final step in decomposition involves the release of inorganic nutrients through a process known as __________.
What process involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles?
What process involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles?
Name the steps involved in the process of decomposition.
Name the steps involved in the process of decomposition.
The productivity of the oceans is greater than that of land ecosystems.
The productivity of the oceans is greater than that of land ecosystems.
What are the two main structural features of an ecosystem?
What are the two main structural features of an ecosystem?
Decomposition involves the unidirectional flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Decomposition involves the unidirectional flow of energy in an ecosystem.
What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem?
What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem?
Plants are called as _________ because they fix carbon dioxide.
Plants are called as _________ because they fix carbon dioxide.
Match the following types of productivity with their definitions:
Match the following types of productivity with their definitions:
Which of the following components of an ecosystem is responsible for nutrient cycling?
Which of the following components of an ecosystem is responsible for nutrient cycling?
Nutrient cycling consists of both gaseous and liquid types.
Nutrient cycling consists of both gaseous and liquid types.
What role do saprophytes play in the ecosystem?
What role do saprophytes play in the ecosystem?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an ecosystem?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an ecosystem?
Every ecosystem can be classified as either terrestrial or aquatic.
Every ecosystem can be classified as either terrestrial or aquatic.
What term describes the vertical distribution of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?
What term describes the vertical distribution of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?
A man-made ecosystem can be represented by a __________.
A man-made ecosystem can be represented by a __________.
Match the following types of ecosystems with their examples:
Match the following types of ecosystems with their examples:
What is NOT a component of the ecosystem structure?
What is NOT a component of the ecosystem structure?
The biosphere is considered a single ecosystem by many ecologists.
The biosphere is considered a single ecosystem by many ecologists.
Name one example of an aquatic ecosystem.
Name one example of an aquatic ecosystem.
What substance in detritus can slow down the decomposition process?
What substance in detritus can slow down the decomposition process?
A warm and dry environment favors decomposition.
A warm and dry environment favors decomposition.
What do plants and photosynthetic bacteria use to make food?
What do plants and photosynthetic bacteria use to make food?
In an ecosystem, organisms that capture solar energy are called __________.
In an ecosystem, organisms that capture solar energy are called __________.
Match the types of ecosystems with their primary producers:
Match the types of ecosystems with their primary producers:
What percentage of the solar energy do plants capture for photosynthesis?
What percentage of the solar energy do plants capture for photosynthesis?
All ecosystems are exempt from the second law of thermodynamics.
All ecosystems are exempt from the second law of thermodynamics.
What is the term for the interdependent relationships between organisms in an ecosystem that form food chains or webs?
What is the term for the interdependent relationships between organisms in an ecosystem that form food chains or webs?
What is the role of primary consumers in a food chain?
What is the role of primary consumers in a food chain?
Secondary consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers.
Secondary consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers.
Name two examples of primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem.
Name two examples of primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem.
The organisms that decompose dead organic matter are known as __________.
The organisms that decompose dead organic matter are known as __________.
Which of the following components primarily consists of the organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis?
Which of the following components primarily consists of the organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis?
Which of the following describes tertiary consumers?
Which of the following describes tertiary consumers?
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the same as net primary productivity (NPP).
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the same as net primary productivity (NPP).
Match the following types of organisms with their roles in the food chain:
Match the following types of organisms with their roles in the food chain:
In a grazing food chain, energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers.
In a grazing food chain, energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers.
What is the main source of energy for primary productivity in an ecosystem?
What is the main source of energy for primary productivity in an ecosystem?
The formula for calculating net primary productivity (NPP) is GPP - __________.
The formula for calculating net primary productivity (NPP) is GPP - __________.
What is a detritus food chain?
What is a detritus food chain?
Match the following terms related to productivity with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to productivity with their definitions:
Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the conversion of inorganic matter to organic material?
Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the conversion of inorganic matter to organic material?
What type of organisms are considered primary consumers in a pond ecosystem?
What type of organisms are considered primary consumers in a pond ecosystem?
Decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients back into an ecosystem.
Decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients back into an ecosystem.
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
The standing crop is measured solely by the number of organisms in a unit area.
The standing crop is measured solely by the number of organisms in a unit area.
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
The first trophic level in an ecosystem is represented by __________.
The first trophic level in an ecosystem is represented by __________.
Match the following trophic levels with their respective consumers:
Match the following trophic levels with their respective consumers:
Which of the following best describes the shape of an ecological pyramid?
Which of the following best describes the shape of an ecological pyramid?
In a detritus food chain, there is no limitation on the number of trophic levels.
In a detritus food chain, there is no limitation on the number of trophic levels.
What is the primary difference between the pyramid of biomass and the pyramid of energy?
What is the primary difference between the pyramid of biomass and the pyramid of energy?
An ideal pyramid of energy can be inverted.
An ideal pyramid of energy can be inverted.
How do human beings function in terms of trophic levels in a food chain?
How do human beings function in terms of trophic levels in a food chain?
The biomass of _____ exceeds that of phytoplankton in the sea, leading to an inverted pyramid of biomass.
The biomass of _____ exceeds that of phytoplankton in the sea, leading to an inverted pyramid of biomass.
Match the following descriptions to the correct pyramid types:
Match the following descriptions to the correct pyramid types:
What does the term 'standing crop' refer to in ecological terms?
What does the term 'standing crop' refer to in ecological terms?
Ecological pyramids can accurately reflect all species occupying multiple trophic levels.
Ecological pyramids can accurately reflect all species occupying multiple trophic levels.
What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers in an ecosystem?
What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a terrestrial ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a terrestrial ecosystem?
An ecosystem can consist of both living organisms and their physical environment.
An ecosystem can consist of both living organisms and their physical environment.
What is the term used for the arrangement of different species in vertical layers within an ecosystem?
What is the term used for the arrangement of different species in vertical layers within an ecosystem?
The interaction of biotic and abiotic components results in a characteristic ________ for each type of ecosystem.
The interaction of biotic and abiotic components results in a characteristic ________ for each type of ecosystem.
Match the following ecosystem types with their examples:
Match the following ecosystem types with their examples:
Which of the following processes is NOT a function of an ecosystem?
Which of the following processes is NOT a function of an ecosystem?
Man-made ecosystems cannot be structured similarly to natural ecosystems.
Man-made ecosystems cannot be structured similarly to natural ecosystems.
What are the two basic categories into which ecosystems are divided?
What are the two basic categories into which ecosystems are divided?
Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process.
Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process.
What dark-colored substance is formed during the humification process?
What dark-colored substance is formed during the humification process?
The process by which decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.
The process by which decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.
Match the steps of decomposition with their descriptions:
Match the steps of decomposition with their descriptions:
Which of the following factors affects primary productivity?
Which of the following factors affects primary productivity?
The productivity of oceans is greater than that of terrestrial ecosystems.
The productivity of oceans is greater than that of terrestrial ecosystems.
Which factors primarily affect the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?
Which factors primarily affect the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?
Low temperature and anaerobic conditions stimulate the rate of decomposition.
Low temperature and anaerobic conditions stimulate the rate of decomposition.
What is the primary source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems?
What is the primary source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems?
In a _____ ecosystem, major producers include phytoplankton, algae, and higher plants.
In a _____ ecosystem, major producers include phytoplankton, algae, and higher plants.
Match the following types of producers with their ecosystems:
Match the following types of producers with their ecosystems:
Which of the following statements about energy flow in ecosystems is true?
Which of the following statements about energy flow in ecosystems is true?
All organisms are dependent on producers for their food directly or indirectly.
All organisms are dependent on producers for their food directly or indirectly.
The energy captured by plants represents only _____ percent of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface.
The energy captured by plants represents only _____ percent of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface.
What type of consumers are herbivores in a food chain?
What type of consumers are herbivores in a food chain?
Humans are classified only as primary consumers in the food chain.
Humans are classified only as primary consumers in the food chain.
Name two types of organisms that primarily make up the detritus food chain.
Name two types of organisms that primarily make up the detritus food chain.
An organism that derives its energy from dead organic matter is known as a __________.
An organism that derives its energy from dead organic matter is known as a __________.
Match the type of consumer with its description:
Match the type of consumer with its description:
Which of the following is an example of a primary carnivore?
Which of the following is an example of a primary carnivore?
In terrestrial ecosystems, the grazing food chain is the major conduit for energy flow.
In terrestrial ecosystems, the grazing food chain is the major conduit for energy flow.
What term describes the interconnectedness of different food chains in an ecosystem?
What term describes the interconnectedness of different food chains in an ecosystem?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred to each trophic level from the lower level?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred to each trophic level from the lower level?
The biomass of a species is more accurately measured in terms of fresh weight than dry weight.
The biomass of a species is more accurately measured in terms of fresh weight than dry weight.
What is the top level of consumers in a trophic pyramid called?
What is the top level of consumers in a trophic pyramid called?
The mass of living organisms at a particular time in an ecosystem is known as the __________.
The mass of living organisms at a particular time in an ecosystem is known as the __________.
Which of the following represents the base of the ecological pyramid?
Which of the following represents the base of the ecological pyramid?
Match the following trophic levels with their descriptions:
Match the following trophic levels with their descriptions:
The number of trophic levels in a grazing food chain is generally unrestricted.
The number of trophic levels in a grazing food chain is generally unrestricted.
What is the primary reason the ecological pyramid shape narrows towards the apex?
What is the primary reason the ecological pyramid shape narrows towards the apex?
What is the primary reason the pyramid of energy is always upright?
What is the primary reason the pyramid of energy is always upright?
An organism can occupy more than one trophic level in an ecosystem.
An organism can occupy more than one trophic level in an ecosystem.
What is typically observed in the biomass pyramid of marine ecosystems?
What is typically observed in the biomass pyramid of marine ecosystems?
Only __________ of the energy in sunlight is converted into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers.
Only __________ of the energy in sunlight is converted into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
In an ecosystem with a large number of insects feeding on a single tree, what shape would the pyramid of biomass likely take?
In an ecosystem with a large number of insects feeding on a single tree, what shape would the pyramid of biomass likely take?
Ecological pyramids account for species that occupy multiple trophic levels.
Ecological pyramids account for species that occupy multiple trophic levels.
What is a paradox regarding biomass in marine ecosystems?
What is a paradox regarding biomass in marine ecosystems?
Which climatic condition slows down the decomposition rate?
Which climatic condition slows down the decomposition rate?
Cold temperatures and anaerobic conditions promote decomposition.
Cold temperatures and anaerobic conditions promote decomposition.
What is the main source of energy for nearly all ecosystems on Earth?
What is the main source of energy for nearly all ecosystems on Earth?
Plants and photosynthetic bacteria are known as _______.
Plants and photosynthetic bacteria are known as _______.
What is the primary effect of temperature and soil moisture on decomposition?
What is the primary effect of temperature and soil moisture on decomposition?
Energy flow in ecosystems is bidirectional.
Energy flow in ecosystems is bidirectional.
Organisms that feed on producers are known as _________.
Organisms that feed on producers are known as _________.
What is defined as the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis?
What is defined as the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis?
Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which new organic matter is formed by autotrophs.
Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which new organic matter is formed by autotrophs.
In a pond ecosystem, the __________ are responsible for decomposing dead matter.
In a pond ecosystem, the __________ are responsible for decomposing dead matter.
Which component is considered the abiotic part of a pond ecosystem?
Which component is considered the abiotic part of a pond ecosystem?
The energy flow in an ecosystem is cyclic.
The energy flow in an ecosystem is cyclic.
What is the role of autotrophs in an aquatic ecosystem?
What is the role of autotrophs in an aquatic ecosystem?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred to the next trophic level according to the 10 percent law?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred to the next trophic level according to the 10 percent law?
Decomposers obtain energy by consuming live organisms.
Decomposers obtain energy by consuming live organisms.
What is the term for the mass of living material at each trophic level?
What is the term for the mass of living material at each trophic level?
The ecological pyramid that represents the energy relationship between organisms at different trophic levels is called the __________.
The ecological pyramid that represents the energy relationship between organisms at different trophic levels is called the __________.
Match each trophic level with its corresponding description:
Match each trophic level with its corresponding description:
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?
The biomass of a species can be accurately measured using either fresh or dry weight.
The biomass of a species can be accurately measured using either fresh or dry weight.
What happens to an organism when it dies in terms of energy transfer in an ecosystem?
What happens to an organism when it dies in terms of energy transfer in an ecosystem?
Which of the following has the largest population in a food chain?
Which of the following has the largest population in a food chain?
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is affected by factors such as sunlight, temperature, and nutrient availability.
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is affected by factors such as sunlight, temperature, and nutrient availability.
What is the primary reservoir of carbon on Earth?
What is the primary reservoir of carbon on Earth?
Match the following food chains with their characteristics:
Match the following food chains with their characteristics:
Which of the following correctly defines net primary productivity (NPP)?
Which of the following correctly defines net primary productivity (NPP)?
Decomposition involves the processes of fragmentation, leaching, and catabolism.
Decomposition involves the processes of fragmentation, leaching, and catabolism.
The __________ flow of energy ensures that energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
The __________ flow of energy ensures that energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
Which of the following components plays a role in nutrient cycling?
Which of the following components plays a role in nutrient cycling?
Saprophytes are typically included in ecological pyramids.
Saprophytes are typically included in ecological pyramids.
What type of nutrient cycling refers to the cycle of carbon in the atmosphere and hydrosphere?
What type of nutrient cycling refers to the cycle of carbon in the atmosphere and hydrosphere?
Which of the following statements is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?
Which of the following statements is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?
The pyramid of biomass in aquatic ecosystems is typically upright.
The pyramid of biomass in aquatic ecosystems is typically upright.
How many top-carnivores are typically supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?
How many top-carnivores are typically supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?
A given organism may occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously. For example, a sparrow can be a primary consumer when it eats seeds and a __________ when it eats insects.
A given organism may occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously. For example, a sparrow can be a primary consumer when it eats seeds and a __________ when it eats insects.
Match the following ecological pyramids with their characteristics:
Match the following ecological pyramids with their characteristics:
What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if a large number of insects feed on a single large tree?
What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if a large number of insects feed on a single large tree?
The energy pyramid can be inverted in an ecosystem.
The energy pyramid can be inverted in an ecosystem.
What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans compared to land ecosystems?
What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans compared to land ecosystems?
Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process requiring no oxygen.
Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process requiring no oxygen.
What is the role of earthworms in the decomposition process?
What is the role of earthworms in the decomposition process?
The dark colored substance that accumulates during humification is called __________.
The dark colored substance that accumulates during humification is called __________.
What factor primarily affects the rate of decomposition?
What factor primarily affects the rate of decomposition?
Anaerobic conditions promote faster decomposition.
Anaerobic conditions promote faster decomposition.
Which of the following is considered the raw material for decomposition?
Which of the following is considered the raw material for decomposition?
What are the two climatic factors that play a key role in regulating decomposition?
What are the two climatic factors that play a key role in regulating decomposition?
Humification results in the formation of a substance that is easily decomposed by microbes.
Humification results in the formation of a substance that is easily decomposed by microbes.
The green plants in the ecosystem are called __________.
The green plants in the ecosystem are called __________.
Match the following types of organic material with their effect on decomposition:
Match the following types of organic material with their effect on decomposition:
Which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
Plants are able to convert more than 10% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into energy.
Plants are able to convert more than 10% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into energy.
Name a major producer in an aquatic ecosystem.
Name a major producer in an aquatic ecosystem.
What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent?
What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent?
Secondary productivity refers to the rate of organic matter produced by primary producers.
Secondary productivity refers to the rate of organic matter produced by primary producers.
What is the primary source of energy that sustains an ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy that sustains an ecosystem?
The formula for calculating Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is GPP - _____ = NPP.
The formula for calculating Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is GPP - _____ = NPP.
Which component of a pond ecosystem is primarily responsible for nutrient cycling?
Which component of a pond ecosystem is primarily responsible for nutrient cycling?
In an aquatic ecosystem, energy moves in multiple directions between trophic levels.
In an aquatic ecosystem, energy moves in multiple directions between trophic levels.
How is productivity in ecosystems commonly expressed?
How is productivity in ecosystems commonly expressed?
What type of consumer are animals that primarily eat herbivores?
What type of consumer are animals that primarily eat herbivores?
All animals that feed on plants are labeled as secondary consumers.
All animals that feed on plants are labeled as secondary consumers.
What are decomposers primarily composed of?
What are decomposers primarily composed of?
Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are known as __________.
Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are known as __________.
Match the following types of consumers with their appropriate description:
Match the following types of consumers with their appropriate description:
Which of the following describes the primary function of decomposers in the food chain?
Which of the following describes the primary function of decomposers in the food chain?
In terrestrial ecosystems, a larger fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.
In terrestrial ecosystems, a larger fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.
How do omnivores differ from other consumers in their feeding habits?
How do omnivores differ from other consumers in their feeding habits?
Which trophic level do herbivores belong to?
Which trophic level do herbivores belong to?
Energy increases as it moves up trophic levels.
Energy increases as it moves up trophic levels.
What term describes the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
What term describes the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
Only ___ percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
Only ___ percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
Match the types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:
Match the types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:
What typically represents the base of an ecological pyramid?
What typically represents the base of an ecological pyramid?
The measurement of biomass is most accurate when expressed in terms of fresh weight.
The measurement of biomass is most accurate when expressed in terms of fresh weight.
What is the shape of an ecological pyramid?
What is the shape of an ecological pyramid?
What is the percentage of sunlight energy that primary producers convert into net primary production (NPP)?
What is the percentage of sunlight energy that primary producers convert into net primary production (NPP)?
The pyramid of energy can be inverted.
The pyramid of energy can be inverted.
How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?
How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?
The biomass pyramid in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered to be __________ due to the high biomass of fish.
The biomass pyramid in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered to be __________ due to the high biomass of fish.
Match the following organisms with their corresponding trophic levels:
Match the following organisms with their corresponding trophic levels:
What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers at a trophic level?
What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers at a trophic level?
An organism can occupy more than one trophic level at the same time.
An organism can occupy more than one trophic level at the same time.
As energy flows from one trophic level to the next, some energy is always lost as __________.
As energy flows from one trophic level to the next, some energy is always lost as __________.
What is the term for the amount of biomass produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis?
What is the term for the amount of biomass produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis?
Autotrophs are responsible for converting inorganic materials into organic matter.
Autotrophs are responsible for converting inorganic materials into organic matter.
What is the primary role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?
What is the primary role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?
The decomposition process only occurs in anaerobic conditions.
The decomposition process only occurs in anaerobic conditions.
The accumulation of a dark colored amorphous substance in the soil due to decomposition is known as ______.
The accumulation of a dark colored amorphous substance in the soil due to decomposition is known as ______.
What typically happens to the energy as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem?
What typically happens to the energy as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is a step in the process of decomposition?
Which of the following is a step in the process of decomposition?
Secondary productivity refers to the biomass produced by primary producers.
Secondary productivity refers to the biomass produced by primary producers.
Name the three main types of components found in a pond ecosystem.
Name the three main types of components found in a pond ecosystem.
The productivity of oceans is higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems despite covering 70% of Earth's surface.
The productivity of oceans is higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems despite covering 70% of Earth's surface.
What is the process called that requires a mixture of microbial activities and results in the breakdown of complex organic materials?
What is the process called that requires a mixture of microbial activities and results in the breakdown of complex organic materials?
Which of the following best describes the role of saprophytes in an ecosystem?
Which of the following best describes the role of saprophytes in an ecosystem?
What is the primary process through which plants capture solar energy?
What is the primary process through which plants capture solar energy?
The rate of capture of solar energy by producers is known as _________.
The rate of capture of solar energy by producers is known as _________.
What are the two types of nutrient cycling?
What are the two types of nutrient cycling?
Nutrient cycling in an ecosystem only involves the biotic components.
Nutrient cycling in an ecosystem only involves the biotic components.
What is the process of breaking down organic matter into simpler forms in decomposition called?
What is the process of breaking down organic matter into simpler forms in decomposition called?
What is the primary reason that energy decreases at successive trophic levels?
What is the primary reason that energy decreases at successive trophic levels?
The biomass of an organism can be measured more accurately using its fresh weight.
The biomass of an organism can be measured more accurately using its fresh weight.
What is the term used to describe the mass of living organisms at a specific time in an ecosystem?
What is the term used to describe the mass of living organisms at a specific time in an ecosystem?
The ________ food chain is characterized by energy transfer from decomposed organic materials.
The ________ food chain is characterized by energy transfer from decomposed organic materials.
Which type of ecological pyramid represents the total energy available at each trophic level?
Which type of ecological pyramid represents the total energy available at each trophic level?
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the ocean.
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the ocean.
The apex of an ecological pyramid represents the primary consumers.
The apex of an ecological pyramid represents the primary consumers.
What are common detritivores in an ecosystem?
What are common detritivores in an ecosystem?
What is the significance of the base of an ecological pyramid?
What is the significance of the base of an ecological pyramid?
Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding organisms:
Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding organisms:
What term describes organisms that depend on others for their food?
What term describes organisms that depend on others for their food?
Primary consumers are exclusively carnivores.
Primary consumers are exclusively carnivores.
Name one type of animal that is classified as a primary consumer.
Name one type of animal that is classified as a primary consumer.
Organisms like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter are known as __________.
Organisms like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter are known as __________.
Match each consumer type with its correct description:
Match each consumer type with its correct description:
Which of the following correctly describes secondary consumers?
Which of the following correctly describes secondary consumers?
In a grazing food chain, decomposers are considered primary producers.
In a grazing food chain, decomposers are considered primary producers.
What is the role of detritus in an ecosystem?
What is the role of detritus in an ecosystem?
The entire biosphere can be considered a global ecosystem.
The entire biosphere can be considered a global ecosystem.
What process involves the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?
What process involves the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?
In a forest ecosystem, trees occupy the top vertical stratum or layer, while __________ occupy the bottom layers.
In a forest ecosystem, trees occupy the top vertical stratum or layer, while __________ occupy the bottom layers.
Match the following types of ecosystems with their characteristics:
Match the following types of ecosystems with their characteristics:
Which of the following components contributes to the structure of an ecosystem?
Which of the following components contributes to the structure of an ecosystem?
Stratification refers to the lateral distribution of species in an ecosystem.
Stratification refers to the lateral distribution of species in an ecosystem.
What are the four main components of ecosystem functioning mentioned?
What are the four main components of ecosystem functioning mentioned?
Which group has the largest population in a food chain?
Which group has the largest population in a food chain?
In aquatic ecosystems, the main limiting factor for productivity is light.
In aquatic ecosystems, the main limiting factor for productivity is light.
What is the major reservoir of carbon on Earth?
What is the major reservoir of carbon on Earth?
Common detritivores in our ecosystem are __________.
Common detritivores in our ecosystem are __________.
What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans despite covering 70% of the Earth's surface?
What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans despite covering 70% of the Earth's surface?
Decomposition is a process that requires oxygen to occur.
Decomposition is a process that requires oxygen to occur.
What is humification?
What is humification?
The raw material for decomposition consists of __________, including dead plant remains and animal feces.
The raw material for decomposition consists of __________, including dead plant remains and animal feces.
Match the following processes of decomposition with their definitions:
Match the following processes of decomposition with their definitions:
Which of the following is an important role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is an important role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
Humus decomposes at a rapid rate due to its colloidal nature.
Humus decomposes at a rapid rate due to its colloidal nature.
Name the important steps in the process of decomposition.
Name the important steps in the process of decomposition.
Which of the following processes is NOT part of decomposition?
Which of the following processes is NOT part of decomposition?
What are the two types of primary productivity?
What are the two types of primary productivity?
The storage and movement of nutrient elements through the various components of the ecosystem is called __________.
The storage and movement of nutrient elements through the various components of the ecosystem is called __________.
Which of the following is categorized as a biotic component of an ecosystem?
Which of the following is categorized as a biotic component of an ecosystem?
Saprophytes play a significant role in the ecosystem according to ecological pyramids.
Saprophytes play a significant role in the ecosystem according to ecological pyramids.
What is the primary source of energy for herbivores in an ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy for herbivores in an ecosystem?
Energy decreases as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Energy decreases as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
What do you call the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
What do you call the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
The law that states only 10 percent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next is known as the __________.
The law that states only 10 percent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next is known as the __________.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of ecological pyramids?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of ecological pyramids?
Match the type of ecological pyramid with its description:
Match the type of ecological pyramid with its description:
Trophic levels in the detritus food chain can be compared to those in the grazing food chain.
Trophic levels in the detritus food chain can be compared to those in the grazing food chain.
What characterizes the base of an ecological pyramid?
What characterizes the base of an ecological pyramid?
What is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)?
What is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)?
Net primary productivity (NPP) is available biomass that can be consumed by decomposers.
Net primary productivity (NPP) is available biomass that can be consumed by decomposers.
What is primarily responsible for the energy input in a pond ecosystem?
What is primarily responsible for the energy input in a pond ecosystem?
Match the following components of a pond ecosystem with their examples:
Match the following components of a pond ecosystem with their examples:
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary production?
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary production?
Decomposition in an aquatic ecosystem occurs only at the surface layer.
Decomposition in an aquatic ecosystem occurs only at the surface layer.
Identify the main process by which autotrophs convert inorganic material into organic material.
Identify the main process by which autotrophs convert inorganic material into organic material.
What is the primary percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next according to the 10 percent law?
What is the primary percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next according to the 10 percent law?
Producers occupy the highest trophic level in an ecosystem.
Producers occupy the highest trophic level in an ecosystem.
What are the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?
What are the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?
Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding types of consumers:
Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding types of consumers:
The biomass of a species can be measured more accurately in terms of fresh weight.
The biomass of a species can be measured more accurately in terms of fresh weight.
What happens to energy as it moves up trophic levels in an ecosystem?
What happens to energy as it moves up trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Aquatic ecosystems are more diverse than terrestrial ecosystems.
Aquatic ecosystems are more diverse than terrestrial ecosystems.
What is the term used for the arrangement of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?
What is the term used for the arrangement of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?
An ecosystem can be divided into two basic categories: __________ and __________.
An ecosystem can be divided into two basic categories: __________ and __________.
What component of an ecosystem refers to the flow of energy?
What component of an ecosystem refers to the flow of energy?
The biosphere is considered a composite of all local ecosystems.
The biosphere is considered a composite of all local ecosystems.
What factors are studied to understand the interactions within an ecosystem?
What factors are studied to understand the interactions within an ecosystem?
Which level of a food chain typically has the largest population?
Which level of a food chain typically has the largest population?
The second trophic level in a lake is comprised of phytoplankton.
The second trophic level in a lake is comprised of phytoplankton.
Match the following ecological terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following ecological terms with their correct definitions:
Which of the following organisms are classified as primary consumers?
Which of the following organisms are classified as primary consumers?
Decomposers can be classified as autotrophs.
Decomposers can be classified as autotrophs.
What begins the detritus food chain?
What begins the detritus food chain?
Animals that feed on primary consumers are known as __________.
Animals that feed on primary consumers are known as __________.
Match the following types of consumers with their feeding relationships:
Match the following types of consumers with their feeding relationships:
Which of the following best describes detritivores?
Which of the following best describes detritivores?
Humans are exclusively classified as tertiary consumers in all food webs.
Humans are exclusively classified as tertiary consumers in all food webs.
Name a common herbivore found in aquatic ecosystems.
Name a common herbivore found in aquatic ecosystems.
What substance is formed during the humification process?
What substance is formed during the humification process?
What is the estimated annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?
What is the estimated annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?
The process of breaking down complex organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.
The process of breaking down complex organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.
Which of the following factors does NOT influence primary productivity?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence primary productivity?
The productivity of the oceans is significantly higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems.
The productivity of the oceans is significantly higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems.
Name two processes that occur during decomposition.
Name two processes that occur during decomposition.
What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers convert into NPP?
What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers convert into NPP?
How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem based on the production of nearly 6 million plants?
How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem based on the production of nearly 6 million plants?
In an ideal pyramid of energy, energy at a lower trophic level is always ______ than at a higher level.
In an ideal pyramid of energy, energy at a lower trophic level is always ______ than at a higher level.
Which of the following describes a situation in ecological pyramids?
Which of the following describes a situation in ecological pyramids?
What is the paradox regarding the inverted pyramid of biomass in the sea?
What is the paradox regarding the inverted pyramid of biomass in the sea?
Ecological pyramids take into account species that belong to multiple trophic levels.
Ecological pyramids take into account species that belong to multiple trophic levels.
The entire biosphere can be regarded as a global ecosystem.
The entire biosphere can be regarded as a global ecosystem.
What term is used to describe the arrangement of organisms in different vertical layers within an ecosystem?
What term is used to describe the arrangement of organisms in different vertical layers within an ecosystem?
Primary consumers in an ecosystem primarily feed on __________.
Primary consumers in an ecosystem primarily feed on __________.
Which process is crucial for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
Which process is crucial for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
Grasslands and forests are examples of aquatic ecosystems.
Grasslands and forests are examples of aquatic ecosystems.
What is the significance of energy flow in an ecosystem?
What is the significance of energy flow in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is a major component affecting primary productivity in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is a major component affecting primary productivity in an ecosystem?
The process of decomposition only occurs in the presence of oxygen.
The process of decomposition only occurs in the presence of oxygen.
The dark colored, amorphous substance formed during humification is called ______.
The dark colored, amorphous substance formed during humification is called ______.
Match the following steps in decomposition with their descriptions:
Match the following steps in decomposition with their descriptions:
Which of the following correctly describes detritivores?
Which of the following correctly describes detritivores?
Decomposition involves several processes that occur simultaneously on detritus.
Decomposition involves several processes that occur simultaneously on detritus.
In which ecosystem is the net primary productivity higher, land ecosystems or oceans?
In which ecosystem is the net primary productivity higher, land ecosystems or oceans?
What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent in an ecosystem?
What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent in an ecosystem?
Secondary productivity refers to the formation of new organic matter by producers.
Secondary productivity refers to the formation of new organic matter by producers.
What is the primary role of autotrophs in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of autotrophs in an ecosystem?
The _______ cycle describes the continuous flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
The _______ cycle describes the continuous flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Zooplankton are a type of autotroph found in pond ecosystems.
Zooplankton are a type of autotroph found in pond ecosystems.
Identify one abiotic component of a pond ecosystem.
Identify one abiotic component of a pond ecosystem.
Which group typically has the largest population in a food chain?
Which group typically has the largest population in a food chain?
The limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems is typically light availability.
The limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems is typically light availability.
Common detritivores in our ecosystem include __________.
Common detritivores in our ecosystem include __________.
Match the following ecological terms with their descriptions:
Match the following ecological terms with their descriptions:
What type of consumer is a goat in the grazing food chain?
What type of consumer is a goat in the grazing food chain?
Primary consumers are always herbivores.
Primary consumers are always herbivores.
What are organisms called that decompose dead organic matter?
What are organisms called that decompose dead organic matter?
Dead organic matter initiates the ______ food chain.
Dead organic matter initiates the ______ food chain.
In a terrestrial ecosystem, a greater fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.
In a terrestrial ecosystem, a greater fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.
Who occupies a higher trophic level than primary consumers in a food chain?
Who occupies a higher trophic level than primary consumers in a food chain?
Which of the following best describes secondary productivity?
Which of the following best describes secondary productivity?
Decomposition converts complex organic compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients.
Decomposition converts complex organic compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients.
Name the two types of primary productivity.
Name the two types of primary productivity.
The storage and movement of nutrient elements in the ecosystem is called __________.
The storage and movement of nutrient elements in the ecosystem is called __________.
Match the following components of the ecosystem to their definitions:
Match the following components of the ecosystem to their definitions:
Which statement is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?
Which statement is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?
Saprophytes have a significant role in the ecosystem and are often represented in ecological pyramids.
Saprophytes have a significant role in the ecosystem and are often represented in ecological pyramids.
Which of these has the largest population in a food chain?
Which of these has the largest population in a food chain?
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) accounts for 1-5% of the incident solar radiation.
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) accounts for 1-5% of the incident solar radiation.
Match the following components of an ecosystem with their descriptions:
Match the following components of an ecosystem with their descriptions:
What is considered a man-made ecosystem?
What is considered a man-made ecosystem?
All ecosystems can be classified into terrestrial and aquatic categories.
All ecosystems can be classified into terrestrial and aquatic categories.
What is the term for the vertical distribution of different species in an ecosystem?
What is the term for the vertical distribution of different species in an ecosystem?
The two basic categories of ecosystems are __________ and aquatic.
The two basic categories of ecosystems are __________ and aquatic.
Which of the following is NOT a component of ecosystem function?
Which of the following is NOT a component of ecosystem function?
What are the four aspects that the components of an ecosystem are seen to function as a unit?
What are the four aspects that the components of an ecosystem are seen to function as a unit?
What is a primary reason for low productivity in ocean ecosystems compared to land ecosystems?
What is a primary reason for low productivity in ocean ecosystems compared to land ecosystems?
Decomposition is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen.
Decomposition is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen.
What is the term used for the breakdown of complex organic matter into inorganic substances?
What is the term used for the breakdown of complex organic matter into inorganic substances?
The dark colored substance formed during decomposition that is resistant to microbial action is called __________.
The dark colored substance formed during decomposition that is resistant to microbial action is called __________.
Which decomposers are primarily responsible for breaking down dead organic matter in soil?
Which decomposers are primarily responsible for breaking down dead organic matter in soil?
Humification occurs during the decomposition process and leads to the formation of nutrients.
Humification occurs during the decomposition process and leads to the formation of nutrients.
The total dry weight of organic matter produced in the biosphere annually is approximately __________ tons.
The total dry weight of organic matter produced in the biosphere annually is approximately __________ tons.
Which of the following organisms are typically primary consumers?
Which of the following organisms are typically primary consumers?
Detritivores only consume living organic matter.
Detritivores only consume living organic matter.
What do we call organisms that break down dead organic matter?
What do we call organisms that break down dead organic matter?
The primary consumers in a detritus food chain are usually __________.
The primary consumers in a detritus food chain are usually __________.
Match the following consumers with their classifications:
Match the following consumers with their classifications:
In a grazing food chain, which level typically has the least energy available?
In a grazing food chain, which level typically has the least energy available?
All animals are categorized as herbivores in an ecosystem.
All animals are categorized as herbivores in an ecosystem.
Name a common example of a primary carnivore.
Name a common example of a primary carnivore.
What is typically the first trophic level in an ecosystem?
What is typically the first trophic level in an ecosystem?
Decomposers are found on the highest trophic level of an ecosystem.
Decomposers are found on the highest trophic level of an ecosystem.
The mass of living organisms in a particular area at a given time is called the __________.
The mass of living organisms in a particular area at a given time is called the __________.
Which of the following statements about ecological pyramids is accurate?
Which of the following statements about ecological pyramids is accurate?
A detritus food chain typically has more energy transfer limitations compared to a grazing food chain.
A detritus food chain typically has more energy transfer limitations compared to a grazing food chain.
What is the name for the process where energy is transferred through feeding relationships among organisms?
What is the name for the process where energy is transferred through feeding relationships among organisms?
What is the impact of high lignin and chitin content in detritus on the decomposition rate?
What is the impact of high lignin and chitin content in detritus on the decomposition rate?
Photoautotrophs utilize sunlight to convert inorganic materials into food.
Photoautotrophs utilize sunlight to convert inorganic materials into food.
What climatic conditions favor faster decomposition?
What climatic conditions favor faster decomposition?
The primary source of energy for all ecosystems on Earth is the _____
The primary source of energy for all ecosystems on Earth is the _____
Match the following components with their definitions:
Match the following components with their definitions:
How much of the incident solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
How much of the incident solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
Low temperature and anaerobiosis promote decomposition.
Low temperature and anaerobiosis promote decomposition.
What do we call the energy flow in ecosystems, starting from sunlight to producers?
What do we call the energy flow in ecosystems, starting from sunlight to producers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems?
The entire biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem that combines all local ecosystems on Earth.
The entire biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem that combines all local ecosystems on Earth.
An example of a man-made ecosystem is a __________.
An example of a man-made ecosystem is a __________.
Which component of the ecosystem is primarily responsible for energy flow?
Which component of the ecosystem is primarily responsible for energy flow?
Aquatic ecosystems include examples such as rivers and estuaries.
Aquatic ecosystems include examples such as rivers and estuaries.
What are the four aspects through which components of an ecosystem function as a unit?
What are the four aspects through which components of an ecosystem function as a unit?
Decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances.
Decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances.
What is humification in the context of decomposition?
What is humification in the context of decomposition?
The process of breaking down detritus into smaller particles is known as __________.
The process of breaking down detritus into smaller particles is known as __________.
Which of the following statements about humus is true?
Which of the following statements about humus is true?
Decomposition is solely an anaerobic process.
Decomposition is solely an anaerobic process.
The annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately __________ billion tons of organic matter.
The annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately __________ billion tons of organic matter.
Which of the following best describes net primary productivity (NPP)?
Which of the following best describes net primary productivity (NPP)?
Gross primary productivity (GPP) accounts for all organic matter produced in an ecosystem without considering respiration losses.
Gross primary productivity (GPP) accounts for all organic matter produced in an ecosystem without considering respiration losses.
What is the primary source of energy that sustains an aquatic ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy that sustains an aquatic ecosystem?
The formula to calculate net primary productivity is GPP - _____ = NPP.
The formula to calculate net primary productivity is GPP - _____ = NPP.
Which component of an ecosystem is primarily responsible for converting inorganic substances into organic material?
Which component of an ecosystem is primarily responsible for converting inorganic substances into organic material?
Energy in an ecosystem follows a cyclical path as it moves from one trophic level to the next.
Energy in an ecosystem follows a cyclical path as it moves from one trophic level to the next.
Define secondary productivity in an ecosystem.
Define secondary productivity in an ecosystem.
Secondary producers are always herbivores.
Secondary producers are always herbivores.
What primarily regulates the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?
What primarily regulates the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?
Decomposition occurs faster in environments that are cold and dry.
Decomposition occurs faster in environments that are cold and dry.
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be __________.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be __________.
Match the following types of detritus with their implications for decomposition:
Match the following types of detritus with their implications for decomposition:
What percentage of incident solar radiation is considered photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
What percentage of incident solar radiation is considered photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
Energy flow within an ecosystem is typically unidirectional.
Energy flow within an ecosystem is typically unidirectional.
Name two groups of organisms that are considered primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Name two groups of organisms that are considered primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
What type of consumer feeds directly on plants?
What type of consumer feeds directly on plants?
All animals that depend on primary consumers for food are categorized as primary carnivores.
All animals that depend on primary consumers for food are categorized as primary carnivores.
Decomposers, such as __________ and __________, play a crucial role in breaking down dead organic matter.
Decomposers, such as __________ and __________, play a crucial role in breaking down dead organic matter.
Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem?
The major conduit for energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems is the grazing food chain.
The major conduit for energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems is the grazing food chain.
What is the primary role of decomposers in ecosystems?
What is the primary role of decomposers in ecosystems?
Decomposition requires the presence of oxygen.
Decomposition requires the presence of oxygen.
What is the dark-colored substance produced during humification known as?
What is the dark-colored substance produced during humification known as?
The initial step in decomposition involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles, a process known as __________.
The initial step in decomposition involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles, a process known as __________.
What is the main purpose of primary production in an ecosystem?
What is the main purpose of primary production in an ecosystem?
Net primary productivity (NPP) is the total production of organic matter without considering losses from respiration.
Net primary productivity (NPP) is the total production of organic matter without considering losses from respiration.
What components are considered the consumers in a pond ecosystem?
What components are considered the consumers in a pond ecosystem?
What are detritivores commonly known for in the ecosystem?
What are detritivores commonly known for in the ecosystem?
Humus is easily decomposed by microbes.
Humus is easily decomposed by microbes.
Match the types of productivity with their definitions:
Match the types of productivity with their definitions:
Which of the following factors is essential for sustaining productivity in an ecosystem?
Which of the following factors is essential for sustaining productivity in an ecosystem?
Decomposers convert inorganic material into organic material.
Decomposers convert inorganic material into organic material.
Which statement accurately describes the trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Which statement accurately describes the trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Energy increases at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Energy increases at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
What is the significance of the 10 percent law in energy transfer between trophic levels?
What is the significance of the 10 percent law in energy transfer between trophic levels?
Match the following types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:
Match the following types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:
What does the base of an ecological pyramid represent?
What does the base of an ecological pyramid represent?
Why is measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight considered more accurate?
Why is measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight considered more accurate?
The ecological pyramid can be inverted in certain cases.
The ecological pyramid can be inverted in certain cases.
Which factor primarily influences the rate of decomposition?
Which factor primarily influences the rate of decomposition?
Lignin and chitin-rich detritus leads to a faster decomposition rate.
Lignin and chitin-rich detritus leads to a faster decomposition rate.
What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is __________.
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is __________.
Match the following detritus types with their decomposition effects:
Match the following detritus types with their decomposition effects:
What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is captured by plants?
What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is captured by plants?
Ecosystems can function without a constant supply of energy.
Ecosystems can function without a constant supply of energy.
What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?
What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?
Which of the following options has the largest population in a food chain?
Which of the following options has the largest population in a food chain?
Aquatic ecosystems are primarily limited by temperature as a factor for productivity.
Aquatic ecosystems are primarily limited by temperature as a factor for productivity.
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically ________ type.
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically ________ type.
What is primary productivity?
What is primary productivity?
Match the following ecological concepts with their correct descriptions:
Match the following ecological concepts with their correct descriptions:
Nutrient cycling can occur in both gaseous and sedimentary forms.
Nutrient cycling can occur in both gaseous and sedimentary forms.
What term describes the rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers?
What term describes the rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers?
Which of the following components is NOT considered a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
Which of the following components is NOT considered a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
What is the main function of saprophytes in the ecosystem?
What is the main function of saprophytes in the ecosystem?
In aquatic ecosystems, temperature is the primary limiting factor for productivity.
In aquatic ecosystems, temperature is the primary limiting factor for productivity.
What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans despite their large surface area?
What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans despite their large surface area?
Decomposition is a process that occurs solely in the presence of oxygen.
Decomposition is a process that occurs solely in the presence of oxygen.
What is the term for the organic matter that constitutes the raw material for decomposition?
What is the term for the organic matter that constitutes the raw material for decomposition?
The important steps in the process of decomposition include fragmentation, leaching, __________, humification, and mineralisation.
The important steps in the process of decomposition include fragmentation, leaching, __________, humification, and mineralisation.
Detritivores play a crucial role in the fragmentation step of decomposition.
Detritivores play a crucial role in the fragmentation step of decomposition.
Which component is responsible for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
Which component is responsible for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
Energy in an ecosystem can flow in multiple directions.
Energy in an ecosystem can flow in multiple directions.
What are saprophytes known for in an ecosystem?
What are saprophytes known for in an ecosystem?
The rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers is known as __________.
The rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers is known as __________.
Which of the following processes is involved in decomposition?
Which of the following processes is involved in decomposition?
Atmospheric carbon acts as a reservoir in the sedimentary nutrient cycle.
Atmospheric carbon acts as a reservoir in the sedimentary nutrient cycle.
Name the two types of nutrient cycling.
Name the two types of nutrient cycling.
What is the main reason why energy decreases at successive trophic levels?
What is the main reason why energy decreases at successive trophic levels?
The standing crop refers to the total mass of living material at a specific time.
The standing crop refers to the total mass of living material at a specific time.
What are the three types of ecological pyramids studied in relation to trophic levels?
What are the three types of ecological pyramids studied in relation to trophic levels?
The base of the ecological pyramid represents the __________ level.
The base of the ecological pyramid represents the __________ level.
Which statement best describes the biomass measurement?
Which statement best describes the biomass measurement?
Energy transfer in a detritus food chain has the same restrictions as in a grazing food chain.
Energy transfer in a detritus food chain has the same restrictions as in a grazing food chain.
What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?
Which factors are primarily responsible for regulating the decomposition rate?
Which factors are primarily responsible for regulating the decomposition rate?
Lignin and chitin-rich detritus slows down the decomposition rate.
Lignin and chitin-rich detritus slows down the decomposition rate.
What is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?
What is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?
Plants capture only _____ to _____ percent of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).
Plants capture only _____ to _____ percent of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).
Match the types of producers with their environments:
Match the types of producers with their environments:
What happens to energy trapped in an organism over time?
What happens to energy trapped in an organism over time?
Warm and moist environments inhibit decomposition.
Warm and moist environments inhibit decomposition.
What is the role of autotrophs in the ecosystem?
What is the role of autotrophs in the ecosystem?
What percentage of solar energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
What percentage of solar energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
What is the shape of the pyramid of biomass in most ecosystems?
What is the shape of the pyramid of biomass in most ecosystems?
In an ecosystem, a sparrow is considered a primary consumer when it eats __________.
In an ecosystem, a sparrow is considered a primary consumer when it eats __________.
Match the type of pyramid with its description:
Match the type of pyramid with its description:
How many top-carnivores are supported in an ecosystem that produces nearly 6 million plants?
How many top-carnivores are supported in an ecosystem that produces nearly 6 million plants?
A species can occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously in an ecosystem.
A species can occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously in an ecosystem.
What is one limitation of ecological pyramids?
What is one limitation of ecological pyramids?
Which of the following is NOT a type of terrestrial ecosystem?
Which of the following is NOT a type of terrestrial ecosystem?
Stratification in an ecosystem refers to the horizontal distribution of species.
Stratification in an ecosystem refers to the horizontal distribution of species.
Name two examples of aquatic ecosystems.
Name two examples of aquatic ecosystems.
The interaction of biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem results in a characteristic __________.
The interaction of biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem results in a characteristic __________.
Match each type of ecosystem with its corresponding example:
Match each type of ecosystem with its corresponding example:
What are the primary components that define the functioning aspects of an ecosystem?
What are the primary components that define the functioning aspects of an ecosystem?
Ecologists consider the entire biosphere as a composite of all local ecosystems on Earth.
Ecologists consider the entire biosphere as a composite of all local ecosystems on Earth.
What is the primary limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems?
What is the primary limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems?
What term is used to describe the flow of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem?
What term is used to describe the flow of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem?
The pyramid of numbers in an ecosystem dominated by trees is typically inverted.
The pyramid of numbers in an ecosystem dominated by trees is typically inverted.
Name a common detritivore found in our ecosystem.
Name a common detritivore found in our ecosystem.
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the __________.
The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the __________.
Match the component of an ecosystem with its correct description:
Match the component of an ecosystem with its correct description:
Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to the low primary productivity of oceans?
Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to the low primary productivity of oceans?
What is the role of detritivores in the decomposition process?
What is the role of detritivores in the decomposition process?
The process by which dead organic matter is broken down into inorganic substances is called __________.
The process by which dead organic matter is broken down into inorganic substances is called __________.
Which substance accumulates during humification and is resistant to microbial action?
Which substance accumulates during humification and is resistant to microbial action?
What are the important steps involved in the process of decomposition?
What are the important steps involved in the process of decomposition?
The annual net primary productivity of the biosphere is roughly 170 billion tons of organic matter.
The annual net primary productivity of the biosphere is roughly 170 billion tons of organic matter.
The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem can be inverted.
The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem can be inverted.
In aquatic ecosystems, the pyramid of biomass is generally _____ because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.
In aquatic ecosystems, the pyramid of biomass is generally _____ because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.
Match the following pyramids with their characteristics:
Match the following pyramids with their characteristics:
Which term describes the phenomenon where some species occupy more than one trophic level at the same time?
Which term describes the phenomenon where some species occupy more than one trophic level at the same time?
The primary producers in a typical ecosystem are always more in number than herbivores.
The primary producers in a typical ecosystem are always more in number than herbivores.
What is a common characteristic of the pyramid of energy in an ecosystem?
What is a common characteristic of the pyramid of energy in an ecosystem?
Which of the following correctly represents the flow of energy in a simple grazing food chain?
Which of the following correctly represents the flow of energy in a simple grazing food chain?
What term describes organisms that feed on dead organic matter?
What term describes organisms that feed on dead organic matter?
Match the following types of consumers with their examples:
Match the following types of consumers with their examples:
What is the primary source of energy for all consumers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy for all consumers in an ecosystem?
Omnivores can occupy multiple trophic levels in a food chain.
Omnivores can occupy multiple trophic levels in a food chain.
What is the role of saprotrophs in an ecosystem?
What is the role of saprotrophs in an ecosystem?
What components influence the rate of decomposition?
What components influence the rate of decomposition?
Plants are known as __________ in an ecosystem since they produce food from sunlight.
Plants are known as __________ in an ecosystem since they produce food from sunlight.
Which of the following factors does NOT regulate decomposition?
Which of the following factors does NOT regulate decomposition?
Ecosystems do not require a constant supply of energy.
Ecosystems do not require a constant supply of energy.
Which of the following is NOT considered a terrestrial ecosystem?
Which of the following is NOT considered a terrestrial ecosystem?
The biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem consisting of all local ecosystems on Earth.
The biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem consisting of all local ecosystems on Earth.
What term describes the specific arrangement of plants and animals in an ecosystem based on their vertical distribution?
What term describes the specific arrangement of plants and animals in an ecosystem based on their vertical distribution?
An ecosystem that is created by human activity is known as a __________ ecosystem.
An ecosystem that is created by human activity is known as a __________ ecosystem.
Which component of an ecosystem is NOT part of its functional aspects?
Which component of an ecosystem is NOT part of its functional aspects?
Forests, grasslands, and deserts represent aquatic ecosystems.
Forests, grasslands, and deserts represent aquatic ecosystems.
Which climatic conditions favor a quicker decomposition rate?
Which climatic conditions favor a quicker decomposition rate?
The sun is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth.
The sun is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth.
The _____ rate of decomposition is influenced by the chemical composition of detritus.
The _____ rate of decomposition is influenced by the chemical composition of detritus.
Match the process with its description:
Match the process with its description:
What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) do plants typically capture?
What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) do plants typically capture?
Anaerobiosis promotes decomposition of organic materials.
Anaerobiosis promotes decomposition of organic materials.
Name two factors that regulate the rate of decomposition.
Name two factors that regulate the rate of decomposition.
What are organisms that feed on primary consumers called?
What are organisms that feed on primary consumers called?
All animals that depend on plants for food are considered primary consumers.
All animals that depend on plants for food are considered primary consumers.
Identify one example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Identify one example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem.
The detritus food chain begins with __________.
The detritus food chain begins with __________.
In a grazing food chain, which organism is at the tertiary level?
In a grazing food chain, which organism is at the tertiary level?
All consumers in an ecosystem are classified as herbivores.
All consumers in an ecosystem are classified as herbivores.
What are two main types of consumers in a food chain?
What are two main types of consumers in a food chain?
The second trophic level in a lake consists of phytoplankton.
The second trophic level in a lake consists of phytoplankton.
Which trophic level consists of carnivores?
Which trophic level consists of carnivores?
Only 20% of the energy is transferred to each trophic level according to the 10 percent law.
Only 20% of the energy is transferred to each trophic level according to the 10 percent law.
What is the term for the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
What is the term for the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?
The primary consumers in an ecosystem are generally __________.
The primary consumers in an ecosystem are generally __________.
Match the trophic levels with their corresponding consumers:
Match the trophic levels with their corresponding consumers:
Which type of pyramid illustrates the relationship of energy across different trophic levels?
Which type of pyramid illustrates the relationship of energy across different trophic levels?
Decomposition only occurs in terrestrial ecosystems.
Decomposition only occurs in terrestrial ecosystems.
What is the primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem?
What is the typical conversion rate of sunlight energy into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers?
What is the typical conversion rate of sunlight energy into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers?
Carnivores always have a higher biomass than primary producers in an ecosystem.
Carnivores always have a higher biomass than primary producers in an ecosystem.
What type of pyramid is always upright in an ecosystem?
What type of pyramid is always upright in an ecosystem?
A sparrow functions as a primary consumer when it eats __________.
A sparrow functions as a primary consumer when it eats __________.
In an ecosystem where the biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton, what type of biomass pyramid is typically observed?
In an ecosystem where the biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton, what type of biomass pyramid is typically observed?
Match the following terms related to trophic levels with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to trophic levels with their descriptions:
All organisms at a trophic level must be included in calculations of energy content or biomass.
All organisms at a trophic level must be included in calculations of energy content or biomass.
What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans?
What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans?
Match the components of decomposition with their definitions:
Match the components of decomposition with their definitions:
Which process in decomposition involves soil microorganisms breaking down organic matter?
Which process in decomposition involves soil microorganisms breaking down organic matter?
Detritivores are responsible for the process of mineralisation in decomposition.
Detritivores are responsible for the process of mineralisation in decomposition.
What are the two main categories of ecosystems?
What are the two main categories of ecosystems?
Stratification refers to the horizontal distribution of species in an ecosystem.
Stratification refers to the horizontal distribution of species in an ecosystem.
What is the characteristic feature of an ecosystem that describes the interaction of abiotic and biotic components?
What is the characteristic feature of an ecosystem that describes the interaction of abiotic and biotic components?
Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?
Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?
A grassland is classified as a type of aquatic ecosystem.
A grassland is classified as a type of aquatic ecosystem.
What does the term 'productivity' refer to in an ecosystem?
What does the term 'productivity' refer to in an ecosystem?
In an ideal pyramid of energy, what percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
In an ideal pyramid of energy, what percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?
Carnivores have a higher biomass than primary producers in most ecosystems.
Carnivores have a higher biomass than primary producers in most ecosystems.
Name one reason why the pyramid of biomass in oceans is generally inverted.
Name one reason why the pyramid of biomass in oceans is generally inverted.
A sparrow acts as a primary consumer when it eats _______ and as a secondary consumer when it eats insects.
A sparrow acts as a primary consumer when it eats _______ and as a secondary consumer when it eats insects.
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?
Every organism occupies the same trophic level in an ecosystem.
Every organism occupies the same trophic level in an ecosystem.
Explain why energy pyramids cannot be inverted.
Explain why energy pyramids cannot be inverted.
What are organisms called that directly feed on producers like plants?
What are organisms called that directly feed on producers like plants?
All organisms in an ecosystem can be categorized as either producers or decomposers.
All organisms in an ecosystem can be categorized as either producers or decomposers.
What term is used to describe the relationship of organisms based on their feeding habits in an ecosystem?
What term is used to describe the relationship of organisms based on their feeding habits in an ecosystem?
An organism that primarily eats other animals is referred to as a __________.
An organism that primarily eats other animals is referred to as a __________.
Which of the following best describes the detritus food chain?
Which of the following best describes the detritus food chain?
Secondary consumers can only consume primary consumers and not plants.
Secondary consumers can only consume primary consumers and not plants.
Name one common herbivore found in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Name one common herbivore found in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Which type of organism has the largest population in a food chain?
Which type of organism has the largest population in a food chain?
What climatic factors influence the rate of decomposition?
What climatic factors influence the rate of decomposition?
Decomposition rate is faster in detritus that is rich in lignin and chitin.
Decomposition rate is faster in detritus that is rich in lignin and chitin.
In a terrestrial ecosystem, major producers are __________ and woody plants.
In a terrestrial ecosystem, major producers are __________ and woody plants.
What percentage of solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
What percentage of solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
Name a type of organism that primarily captures solar energy.
Name a type of organism that primarily captures solar energy.
Flashcards
What is a pond?
What is a pond?
A shallow body of water where all four main components of an ecosystem (abiotic, producers, consumers, decomposers) are present.
What are the abiotic components of a pond?
What are the abiotic components of a pond?
The non-living factors of an ecosystem, such as water, soil, sunlight, and temperature. In a pond, this includes the water, dissolved substances, and the bottom sediment.
What are the producers (autotrophs) in a pond?
What are the producers (autotrophs) in a pond?
The organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis. In a pond, this includes phytoplankton, algae, and plants.
What are the consumers (heterotrophs) in a pond?
What are the consumers (heterotrophs) in a pond?
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What are the decomposers in a pond?
What are the decomposers in a pond?
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What is photosynthesis?
What is photosynthesis?
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What is primary productivity?
What is primary productivity?
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What is secondary productivity?
What is secondary productivity?
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Decomposition
Decomposition
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Fragmentation
Fragmentation
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Leaching
Leaching
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Humus
Humus
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Mineralization
Mineralization
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Detritivores
Detritivores
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Primary Productivity
Primary Productivity
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Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
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Primary Consumer
Primary Consumer
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Secondary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
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Tertiary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
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Food Chain
Food Chain
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Food Web
Food Web
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Trophic Level
Trophic Level
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Detritus Food Chain (DFC)
Detritus Food Chain (DFC)
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Inverted pyramid of numbers
Inverted pyramid of numbers
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Second trophic level in a lake
Second trophic level in a lake
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Secondary productivity
Secondary productivity
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What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?
What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?
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What is Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
What is Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
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What is energy flow in an ecosystem?
What is energy flow in an ecosystem?
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What is decomposition in an ecosystem?
What is decomposition in an ecosystem?
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What is a food chain?
What is a food chain?
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What is nutrient cycling?
What is nutrient cycling?
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What are ecosystem services?
What are ecosystem services?
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Biomass
Biomass
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Ecological Pyramid
Ecological Pyramid
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Inverted Pyramid of Biomass
Inverted Pyramid of Biomass
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Energy Flow in Food Chains
Energy Flow in Food Chains
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Trophic Levels and Species
Trophic Levels and Species
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Upright Pyramid of Biomass
Upright Pyramid of Biomass
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Ecology
Ecology
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What's an ecosystem?
What's an ecosystem?
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What is productivity in an ecosystem?
What is productivity in an ecosystem?
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What happens during decomposition?
What happens during decomposition?
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How does energy flow in an ecosystem?
How does energy flow in an ecosystem?
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What is a food web?
What is a food web?
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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
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Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
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Decomposition in an Ecosystem
Decomposition in an Ecosystem
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Nutrient Cycling
Nutrient Cycling
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Decomposition Rate
Decomposition Rate
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Detritus Composition and Decomposition
Detritus Composition and Decomposition
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Energy Flow
Energy Flow
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Energy Availability
Energy Availability
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10 Percent Law
10 Percent Law
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Standing Crop
Standing Crop
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Detritus Food Chain
Detritus Food Chain
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Detritus
Detritus
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Occupying Multiple Trophic Levels
Occupying Multiple Trophic Levels
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Energy Loss with Each Trophic Level
Energy Loss with Each Trophic Level
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What is a trophic level?
What is a trophic level?
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Energy flow in producers
Energy flow in producers
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Simple Food Chain
Simple Food Chain
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Human Trophic Level
Human Trophic Level
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10% Law
10% Law
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Energy Flow Pyramid
Energy Flow Pyramid
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Ecosystem
Ecosystem
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Climatic Factors in Decomposition
Climatic Factors in Decomposition
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Upright Pyramid of Energy
Upright Pyramid of Energy
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Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Numbers
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Decomposers
Decomposers
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What is the 10% law?
What is the 10% law?
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What is a detritus food chain?
What is a detritus food chain?
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What is a standing crop?
What is a standing crop?
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What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
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What are trophic levels?
What are trophic levels?
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What is decomposition?
What is decomposition?
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What is an ecological pyramid?
What is an ecological pyramid?
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Productivity
Productivity
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Secondary trophic level in a lake
Secondary trophic level in a lake
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Producers
Producers
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Consumers
Consumers
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
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What are detritivores?
What are detritivores?
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Decomposition: What is it?
Decomposition: What is it?
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Leaching: What happens?
Leaching: What happens?
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Catabolism: What is it?
Catabolism: What is it?
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Humus: What is it?
Humus: What is it?
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Mineralization: What is it?
Mineralization: What is it?
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Detritivores: What are they?
Detritivores: What are they?
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Detritus: What is it?
Detritus: What is it?
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Ocean Productivity: Why is it low?
Ocean Productivity: Why is it low?
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Primary Production
Primary Production
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Which group has the largest population in a food chain?
Which group has the largest population in a food chain?
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What type of pyramid of numbers is found in a tree-dominated ecosystem?
What type of pyramid of numbers is found in a tree-dominated ecosystem?
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What is the second trophic level in a lake ecosystem?
What is the second trophic level in a lake ecosystem?
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Where is the major reservoir of carbon on Earth?
Where is the major reservoir of carbon on Earth?
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Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
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Detritus in Ecosystems
Detritus in Ecosystems
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10% Law in Ecosystems
10% Law in Ecosystems
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What are decomposers?
What are decomposers?
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What is the standing crop?
What is the standing crop?
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Low Productivity of Oceans
Low Productivity of Oceans
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What are ecological pyramids?
What are ecological pyramids?
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What is an inverted pyramid of numbers?
What is an inverted pyramid of numbers?
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What is productivity?
What is productivity?
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Energy flow through an ecosystem
Energy flow through an ecosystem
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Ocean Productivity
Ocean Productivity
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Sun as energy source
Sun as energy source
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What are consumers?
What are consumers?
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What are producers?
What are producers?
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Why is Ocean Productivity Low?
Why is Ocean Productivity Low?
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Energy Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
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Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Biomass
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Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Energy
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Energy flow through trophic levels
Energy flow through trophic levels
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Trophic levels in an ecosystem
Trophic levels in an ecosystem
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Major carbon reservoir
Major carbon reservoir
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Lithosphere
Lithosphere
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Role of Producers
Role of Producers
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10% Law of Energy Transfer
10% Law of Energy Transfer
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Study Notes
Ecosystem Structure and Function
- An ecosystem is a functional unit in nature, where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment, characterized by interaction, species, and physical structure.
- Ecosystems vary in size (small ponds to large forests/seas).
- The biosphere is considered a global ecosystem, comprising all local ecosystems on Earth.
- Ecosystems are categorized as terrestrial (forests, grasslands, deserts) or aquatic (ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers, estuaries). Man-made ecosystems include crop fields and aquariums.
- Understanding ecosystem structure is crucial to appreciating productivity, energy transfer (food chains/webs), nutrient cycling, and outputs (degradation, energy loss).
- Their interrelationships, like cycles, chains, and webs, are created by energy flows within the system.
- An aquatic ecosystem, such as a pond, is a good example of a fairly self-sustainable unit, exhibiting relatively simple interactions.
- Abiotic components include water and soil, dissolved inorganic and organic substances; biotic components include phytoplankton, algae, zooplankton, and various other organisms; are regulated by factors like solar input, temperature fluctuations, day-length, and other climatic conditions.
- The sun is the primary energy source in most ecosystems (except deep-sea hydrothermal vents). Sunlight is vital for photosynthesis in producers, driving primary productivity.
- Ecosystems are not exempt from the Second Law of Thermodynamics; they require a continued inflow of energy to maintain organization and function. Energy flow is often unidirectional.
Ecosystem Structure
- Ecosystem components include abiotic (air, water, soil) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers).
- Stratification, the vertical distribution of species (e.g., trees, shrubs, herbs), characterizes forest ecosystems.
- Productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling are key aspects of ecosystem function.
- Productivity is the rate of biomass production (organic matter) through processes like photosynthesis. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total rate of photosynthesis; Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is GPP minus respiration.
- Decomposition is the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler inorganic ones by decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Processes include fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralisation; Detritivores (e.g., earthworms) participate significantly in fragmentation.
- Energy flow is unidirectional, from producers to various consumers and finally to decomposers; typically with roughly 10% energy transfer between trophic levels. This results in energy loss as heat and dissipation across trophic levels.
- Nutrient cycling continuously circulates essential elements within the ecosystem.
- Energy flows through trophic levels decreasing as you move up the food chain.
- A trophic level represents an organism's position in a food chain or web based on its nutritional relationships.
- Interaction of abiotic and biotic components creates a characteristic physical structure and species composition found in every ecosystem.
- The rate of decomposition depends on factors such as the composition of detrital material (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture, temperature, presence of decomposers, and can affect nutrient cycling, as well as the rate of energy flow and the availability of inorganic nutrients.
- Decomposition processes (e.g., fragmentation, leaching, etc.) operate simultaneously; products of these include humus, which is resistant to further decomposition.
Productivity
- Primary productivity is the rate of biomass production by producers (plants) during photosynthesis.
- It is expressed in terms of weight (gm⁻²) or energy (kcal m⁻²) per year.
- The rate of biomass production is called productivity.
- Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total rate of photosynthesis.
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is calculated as GPP minus respiration, representing the remaining biomass or energy available for consumption by consumers.
- Primary productivity depends on environmental factors, including plant species, nutrient availability, and climate, among others. Limiting factors exist for productivity, notably in aquatic ecosystems. Factors such as sunlight penetration, nutrient availability, and water temperature act as limiting factors in aquatic ecosystems.
- The global biosphere's annual net primary productivity is roughly 170 billion tons (dry weight) of organic matter.
- Significant variation exists in productivity across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Ocean productivity is often lower than land, despite covering 70% of the surface. Productivity differences are attributed to limitations in nutrient availability, light penetration, and water temperature in aquatic environments.
- Decomposition is an important process for nutrient cycling.
Decomposition
- Decomposition is the breakdown of complex organic materials into simpler inorganic substances. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) are essential to this process.
- Decomposition involves several sequential processes: fragmentation (breaking down detritus), leaching (dissolving soluble nutrients), catabolism (degradation), humification (accumulation of humus, resistant to further break down), and mineralisation (release of inorganic nutrients). Detritivores (e.g., earthworms) are important in the fragmentation process.
- Decomposition is an oxygen-requiring process, affected by several environmental factors. The rate depends on the composition of detrital material (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture conditions, temperature, and presence of decomposers.
- Accumulation of products like humus influences decomposition rates.
Energy Flow
- Energy primarily originates from the Sun (except in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems). Crucial for all ecosystems. This energy is vital for primary productivity.
- Producers (plants) capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
- Consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy by feeding on producers or other consumers.
- Energy flow is unidirectional, from producers to various consumers and finally to decomposers; typically with roughly 10% energy transfer between trophic levels, demonstrating substantial energy loss as heat and dissipation across trophic levels.
- A trophic level represents an organism's position in a food chain or web based on its nutritional relationships.
- Producers are at trophic level 1, herbivores (primary consumers) are at level 2, carnivores (secondary consumers) are at level 3, and so on.
- The continuous flow of energy is a fundamental aspect of ecosystems.
- Detritus food chains provide an alternative route for energy flow in some ecosystems (e.g., in terrestrial ecosystems when dead organic matter is abundant).
- Food chains are simplified versions of energy flow paths; food webs illustrate the more complex energy relationships in an ecosystem.
- Distinct grazing and detritus food chains exist in ecosystems.
Ecological Pyramids
- Ecological pyramids graphically depict the trophic relationships in ecosystems. These pyramids represent the energy, number, or biomass transferred between trophic levels within a food chain:
- Pyramids of numbers demonstrate the number of organisms at each trophic level.
- Pyramids of biomass show the total mass (biomass) of organisms at each trophic level, which can be inverted (e.g., in aquatic ecosystems).
- Pyramids of energy illustrate the amount of energy available at each trophic level, which are always upright.
- Decomposers are not typically shown within these pyramids, though they play important roles in energy flow and nutrient cycling.
- Standing crop refers to the biomass or count of organisms at a particular point in time.
- Some ecosystem pyramids are not necessarily pyramid shaped, as in an inverted biomass pyramid, where the productivity of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a greater biomass of consumers, (zooplankton).
- Sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems.
Other concepts
- A detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter, and is broken down by decomposers (fungi, bacteria).
- Standing crop refers to the biomass or number of organisms at a given time.
- The rate of decomposition is influenced by climatic factors, the composition of detritus (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture, temperature, and the presence of decomposers.
- Food chains offer simplified energy flow patterns; food webs illustrate complex energy pathways in ecosystems.
- In aquatic environments, limiting factors impacting productivity can include light availability, nutrient presence, and water temperature.
- Common decomposers include bacteria, fungi, and various invertebrates also play a role in decomposition.
- Distinct grazing and detritus food chains exist in ecosystems.
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