NCERT - ECOSYSTEM

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Questions and Answers

Which component of a pond ecosystem is considered abiotic?

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Fungi

Water (correct)

The net primary productivity (NPP) is the total biomass produced in photosynthesis without considering respiration losses.

False

What is the role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?

To break down dead matter and release nutrients for reuse by autotrophs.

The rate of biomass production in ecosystems is known as __________.

productivity Signup and view all the answers

What defines primary production in an ecosystem?

The amount of biomass produced per unit area over time by photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Solar energy is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?

GPP - R Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = Total organic matter produced during photosynthesis Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Organic matter available for consumption after respiration losses Secondary Productivity = Rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers Autotrophs = Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms called that feed directly on plants?

Primary consumers Signup and view all the answers

All animals are classified as consumers.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?

Decomposers break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

The process of obtaining energy by breaking down dead and waste materials is known as ______.

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of consumers with their descriptions:

Primary consumers = Herbivores that eat plants Secondary consumers = Carnivores that eat primary consumers Tertiary consumers = Carnivores that feed on secondary consumers Omnivores = Organisms that eat both plants and animals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a tertiary consumer?

Man Signup and view all the answers

The detritus food chain is made up of producers only.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of primary consumers in a terrestrial ecosystem.

Goat and insect. Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically a(n):

Inverted type Signup and view all the answers

The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the atmosphere.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are common detritivores found in our ecosystem?

Earthworms, fungi, and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

In aquatic ecosystems, the limiting factor for productivity is __________.

light Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the food chain with their descriptions:

Producers = Organisms that convert sunlight into energy Primary consumers = Herbivores that eat producers Secondary consumers = Carnivores that eat primary consumers Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores in an ecosystem typically have a higher biomass than primary producers.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many trophic levels do human beings typically occupy in a food chain?

multiple trophic levels Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of energy is always _____ and can never be inverted.

upright Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements reflects an exception to the generalization of ecological pyramids?

Inverted pyramid of biomass in certain aquatic ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

Energy at a higher trophic level is always more than at a lower trophic level.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if many insects feed on a single large tree?

Inverted pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?

170 billion tons Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition occurs only in the absence of oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do earthworms play in the decomposition process?

They help in the breakdown of complex organic matter and loosen the soil. Signup and view all the answers

The final step in decomposition involves the release of inorganic nutrients through a process known as __________.

mineralisation Signup and view all the answers

What process involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles?

Fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Name the steps involved in the process of decomposition.

Fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralisation. Signup and view all the answers

The productivity of the oceans is greater than that of land ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main structural features of an ecosystem?

Species composition and stratification Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition involves the unidirectional flow of energy in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem?

The rate of capture of solar energy or biomass production of the producers. Signup and view all the answers

Plants are called as _________ because they fix carbon dioxide.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of productivity with their definitions:

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = Total production of organic matter Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Remaining biomass after utilization of producers Secondary Productivity = Assimilation of food energy by consumers Decomposition = Conversion of organic compounds to inorganic nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of an ecosystem is responsible for nutrient cycling?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient cycling consists of both gaseous and liquid types.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do saprophytes play in the ecosystem?

They decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an ecosystem?

They consist of living organisms interacting with their environment. Signup and view all the answers

Every ecosystem can be classified as either terrestrial or aquatic.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the vertical distribution of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?

Stratification Signup and view all the answers

A man-made ecosystem can be represented by a __________.

crop field Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of ecosystems with their examples:

Terrestrial = Desert Aquatic = Estuary Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component of the ecosystem structure?

Isolation Signup and view all the answers

The biosphere is considered a single ecosystem by many ecologists.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of an aquatic ecosystem.

Lake Signup and view all the answers

What substance in detritus can slow down the decomposition process?

Lignin Signup and view all the answers

A warm and dry environment favors decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do plants and photosynthetic bacteria use to make food?

Sun's radiant energy Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem, organisms that capture solar energy are called __________.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of ecosystems with their primary producers:

Terrestrial ecosystem = Herbaceous and woody plants Aquatic ecosystem = Phytoplankton and algae Desert ecosystem = Cacti and succulents Freshwater ecosystem = Water lilies and reeds Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the solar energy do plants capture for photosynthesis?

2-10% Signup and view all the answers

All ecosystems are exempt from the second law of thermodynamics.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the interdependent relationships between organisms in an ecosystem that form food chains or webs?

Trophic relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primary consumers in a food chain?

They directly feed on producers. Signup and view all the answers

Secondary consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem.

Molluscs and small fish. Signup and view all the answers

The organisms that decompose dead organic matter are known as __________.

decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components primarily consists of the organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes tertiary consumers?

Carnivores that consume secondary consumers. Signup and view all the answers

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the same as net primary productivity (NPP).

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of organisms with their roles in the food chain:

Producers = Organisms that create their own energy Primary Consumers = Herbivores that feed on plants Secondary Consumers = Carnivores that eat herbivores Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead matter Signup and view all the answers

In a grazing food chain, energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for primary productivity in an ecosystem?

Solar energy Signup and view all the answers

The formula for calculating net primary productivity (NPP) is GPP - __________.

R Signup and view all the answers

What is a detritus food chain?

A food chain that begins with dead organic matter. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to productivity with their definitions:

Gross Primary Productivity = Total rate of organic matter production Net Primary Productivity = Organic matter available for consumption by consumers Primary Productivity = Biomass produced per unit area over time Secondary Productivity = Formation of new organic matter by consumers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the conversion of inorganic matter to organic material?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are considered primary consumers in a pond ecosystem?

Herbivores or zooplankton Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients back into an ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?

10% Signup and view all the answers

The standing crop is measured solely by the number of organisms in a unit area.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?

To break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

The first trophic level in an ecosystem is represented by __________.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trophic levels with their respective consumers:

Producers = First trophic level Herbivores = Second trophic level Primary Carnivores = Third trophic level Secondary Carnivores = Fourth trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shape of an ecological pyramid?

Triangle Signup and view all the answers

In a detritus food chain, there is no limitation on the number of trophic levels.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the pyramid of biomass and the pyramid of energy?

The pyramid of biomass measures the total mass of living organisms at each trophic level, while the pyramid of energy measures the total energy flow at each trophic level. Signup and view all the answers

An ideal pyramid of energy can be inverted.

False Signup and view all the answers

How do human beings function in terms of trophic levels in a food chain?

Humans function at multiple trophic levels, acting as both primary and secondary consumers. Signup and view all the answers

The biomass of _____ exceeds that of phytoplankton in the sea, leading to an inverted pyramid of biomass.

fishes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions to the correct pyramid types:

Pyramid of Numbers = Represents the number of individuals at each trophic level Pyramid of Biomass = Shows the total biomass at each trophic level Pyramid of Energy = Indicates the energy flow at each trophic level Inverted Pyramid of Biomass = Occurs in scenarios like the relationship between fish and phytoplankton Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'standing crop' refer to in ecological terms?

The current biomass of organisms at a trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Ecological pyramids can accurately reflect all species occupying multiple trophic levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers in an ecosystem?

All organisms at that trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a terrestrial ecosystem?

Desert Signup and view all the answers

An ecosystem can consist of both living organisms and their physical environment.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the arrangement of different species in vertical layers within an ecosystem?

stratification Signup and view all the answers

The interaction of biotic and abiotic components results in a characteristic ________ for each type of ecosystem.

structure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecosystem types with their examples:

Forests = Terrestrial ecosystem Pond = Aquatic ecosystem Agriculture = Man-made ecosystem Wetlands = Aquatic ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of an ecosystem?

Species extinction Signup and view all the answers

Man-made ecosystems cannot be structured similarly to natural ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic categories into which ecosystems are divided?

terrestrial and aquatic Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process.

False Signup and view all the answers

What dark-colored substance is formed during the humification process?

humus Signup and view all the answers

The process by which decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Match the steps of decomposition with their descriptions:

Fragmentation = Breaking down detritus into smaller particles Leaching = Water-soluble nutrients moving down into the soil Catabolism = Degradation of detritus into simpler substances Mineralisation = Release of inorganic nutrients from humus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects primary productivity?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The productivity of oceans is greater than that of terrestrial ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which factors primarily affect the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Low temperature and anaerobic conditions stimulate the rate of decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems?

The sun Signup and view all the answers

In a _____ ecosystem, major producers include phytoplankton, algae, and higher plants.

aquatic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of producers with their ecosystems:

Herbaceous Plants = Terrestrial Ecosystem Woody Plants = Terrestrial Ecosystem Phytoplankton = Aquatic Ecosystem Algae = Aquatic Ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about energy flow in ecosystems is true?

Energy flow is unidirectional. Signup and view all the answers

All organisms are dependent on producers for their food directly or indirectly.

True Signup and view all the answers

The energy captured by plants represents only _____ percent of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface.

2-10 Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumers are herbivores in a food chain?

Primary consumers Signup and view all the answers

Humans are classified only as primary consumers in the food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of organisms that primarily make up the detritus food chain.

Fungi and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

An organism that derives its energy from dead organic matter is known as a __________.

decomposer Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of consumer with its description:

Primary consumer = Herbivores that eat plants Secondary consumer = Carnivores that eat primary consumers Tertiary consumer = Top carnivores that eat secondary consumers Omnivore = Organisms that eat both plants and animals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary carnivore?

Eagle Signup and view all the answers

In terrestrial ecosystems, the grazing food chain is the major conduit for energy flow.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the interconnectedness of different food chains in an ecosystem?

Food web Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is typically transferred to each trophic level from the lower level?

10% Signup and view all the answers

The biomass of a species is more accurately measured in terms of fresh weight than dry weight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the top level of consumers in a trophic pyramid called?

tertiary consumers Signup and view all the answers

The mass of living organisms at a particular time in an ecosystem is known as the __________.

standing crop Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the base of the ecological pyramid?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trophic levels with their descriptions:

Producers = First trophic level Primary consumers = Second trophic level Secondary consumers = Third trophic level Decomposers = Feed on detritus and dead biomass Signup and view all the answers

The number of trophic levels in a grazing food chain is generally unrestricted.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the ecological pyramid shape narrows towards the apex?

Decreasing energy availability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the pyramid of energy is always upright?

Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level. Signup and view all the answers

An organism can occupy more than one trophic level in an ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the biomass pyramid of marine ecosystems?

The pyramid is often inverted. Signup and view all the answers

Only __________ of the energy in sunlight is converted into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers.

1% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Pyramid of numbers = Represent the number of individuals at each trophic level Pyramid of biomass = Shows total mass of living material at each trophic level Pyramid of energy = Indicates energy available at each trophic level Net primary productivity = Amount of energy available after losses to respiration Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem with a large number of insects feeding on a single tree, what shape would the pyramid of biomass likely take?

Inverted Signup and view all the answers

Ecological pyramids account for species that occupy multiple trophic levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a paradox regarding biomass in marine ecosystems?

The biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton. Signup and view all the answers

Which climatic condition slows down the decomposition rate?

Rich in lignin and chitin Signup and view all the answers

Cold temperatures and anaerobic conditions promote decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for nearly all ecosystems on Earth?

The sun Signup and view all the answers

Plants and photosynthetic bacteria are known as _______.

producers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of temperature and soil moisture on decomposition?

They regulate the activities of soil microbes Signup and view all the answers

Energy flow in ecosystems is bidirectional.

False Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that feed on producers are known as _________.

consumers Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis?

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Signup and view all the answers

Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which new organic matter is formed by autotrophs.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a pond ecosystem, the __________ are responsible for decomposing dead matter.

decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered the abiotic part of a pond ecosystem?

Water Signup and view all the answers

The energy flow in an ecosystem is cyclic.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autotrophs in an aquatic ecosystem?

They convert inorganic material into organic material using solar energy. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is typically transferred to the next trophic level according to the 10 percent law?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers obtain energy by consuming live organisms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the mass of living material at each trophic level?

standing crop Signup and view all the answers

The ecological pyramid that represents the energy relationship between organisms at different trophic levels is called the __________.

pyramid of energy Signup and view all the answers

Match each trophic level with its corresponding description:

Producers = First trophic level Herbivores = Primary consumers Carnivores = Secondary consumers Decomposers = Break down dead biomass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?

Pyramid of growth Signup and view all the answers

The biomass of a species can be accurately measured using either fresh or dry weight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an organism when it dies in terms of energy transfer in an ecosystem?

It becomes detritus and serves as an energy source for decomposers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

The primary productivity of an ecosystem is affected by factors such as sunlight, temperature, and nutrient availability.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of carbon on Earth?

The atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Match the following food chains with their characteristics:

Grazing food chain = Starts with producers and moves to herbivores Detritus food chain = Begins with decomposed organic matter Production = Creation of biomass by producers Decomposition = Breaking down of organic materials into simpler substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines net primary productivity (NPP)?

The energy left after producers utilize energy Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition involves the processes of fragmentation, leaching, and catabolism.

True Signup and view all the answers

The __________ flow of energy ensures that energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

unidirectional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components plays a role in nutrient cycling?

All components of the ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

Saprophytes are typically included in ecological pyramids.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrient cycling refers to the cycle of carbon in the atmosphere and hydrosphere?

Gaseous cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?

Energy at lower trophic levels is always more than at higher levels. Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of biomass in aquatic ecosystems is typically upright.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many top-carnivores are typically supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?

Three Signup and view all the answers

A given organism may occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously. For example, a sparrow can be a primary consumer when it eats seeds and a __________ when it eats insects.

secondary consumer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological pyramids with their characteristics:

Pyramid of Numbers = More producers than herbivores Pyramid of Biomass = Typically inverted in aquatic ecosystems Pyramid of Energy = Always upright Inverted Pyramid of Biomass = More carnivores than herbivores Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if a large number of insects feed on a single large tree?

Inverted pyramid Signup and view all the answers

The energy pyramid can be inverted in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans compared to land ecosystems?

Limited sunlight penetration Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is primarily an anaerobic process requiring no oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of earthworms in the decomposition process?

Earthworms help in breaking down complex organic matter and loosening the soil. Signup and view all the answers

The dark colored substance that accumulates during humification is called __________.

humus Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily affects the rate of decomposition?

Chemical composition of detritus Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobic conditions promote faster decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the raw material for decomposition?

Detritus Signup and view all the answers

What are the two climatic factors that play a key role in regulating decomposition?

Temperature and soil moisture Signup and view all the answers

Humification results in the formation of a substance that is easily decomposed by microbes.

False Signup and view all the answers

The green plants in the ecosystem are called __________.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of organic material with their effect on decomposition:

Rich in lignin = Slower decomposition Rich in nitrogen = Faster decomposition Water-soluble substances = Faster decomposition Rich in chitin = Slower decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in an ecosystem?

Energy flows from the sun to producers and then to consumers Signup and view all the answers

Plants are able to convert more than 10% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into energy.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a major producer in an aquatic ecosystem.

Phytoplankton Signup and view all the answers

What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent?

The total biomass produced during photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Secondary productivity refers to the rate of organic matter produced by primary producers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy that sustains an ecosystem?

Solar energy Signup and view all the answers

The formula for calculating Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is GPP - _____ = NPP.

R Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a pond ecosystem is primarily responsible for nutrient cycling?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

In an aquatic ecosystem, energy moves in multiple directions between trophic levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

How is productivity in ecosystems commonly expressed?

g m–2 yr –1 or kcal m–2 yr –1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumer are animals that primarily eat herbivores?

Secondary consumers Signup and view all the answers

All animals that feed on plants are labeled as secondary consumers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are decomposers primarily composed of?

Fungi and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are known as __________.

decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of consumers with their appropriate description:

Herbivores = Primary consumers Carnivores = Secondary consumers Omnivores = Consumers that eat both plants and animals Decomposers = Break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of decomposers in the food chain?

To break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

In terrestrial ecosystems, a larger fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

How do omnivores differ from other consumers in their feeding habits?

Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which trophic level do herbivores belong to?

Second Signup and view all the answers

Energy increases as it moves up trophic levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?

Standing crop Signup and view all the answers

Only ___ percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

10 Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:

Pyramid of numbers = Represents the number of organisms at each trophic level Pyramid of biomass = Represents the total mass of living organisms Pyramid of energy = Represents the energy content at each trophic level Signup and view all the answers

What typically represents the base of an ecological pyramid?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

The measurement of biomass is most accurate when expressed in terms of fresh weight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of an ecological pyramid?

Broad base narrowing toward the apex Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of sunlight energy that primary producers convert into net primary production (NPP)?

1% Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of energy can be inverted.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem with nearly 6 million plants?

three Signup and view all the answers

The biomass pyramid in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered to be __________ due to the high biomass of fish.

inverted Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their corresponding trophic levels:

Sparrow = Primary and Secondary Consumer Phytoplankton = Primary Producer Fishes = Secondary Consumer Carnivorous Bird = Tertiary Consumer Signup and view all the answers

What must be included in calculations of energy content, biomass, or numbers at a trophic level?

All organisms at that trophic level Signup and view all the answers

An organism can occupy more than one trophic level at the same time.

True Signup and view all the answers

As energy flows from one trophic level to the next, some energy is always lost as __________.

heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of biomass produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis?

Primary production Signup and view all the answers

Autotrophs are responsible for converting inorganic materials into organic matter.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?

To break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

The decomposition process only occurs in anaerobic conditions.

False Signup and view all the answers

The accumulation of a dark colored amorphous substance in the soil due to decomposition is known as ______.

humus Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the energy as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in the process of decomposition?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Secondary productivity refers to the biomass produced by primary producers.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the three main types of components found in a pond ecosystem.

Abiotic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic components. Signup and view all the answers

The productivity of oceans is higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems despite covering 70% of Earth's surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that requires a mixture of microbial activities and results in the breakdown of complex organic materials?

Decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of saprophytes in an ecosystem?

Organisms that decompose organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which plants capture solar energy?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

The rate of capture of solar energy by producers is known as _________.

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of nutrient cycling?

Gaseous and sedimentary Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient cycling in an ecosystem only involves the biotic components.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of breaking down organic matter into simpler forms in decomposition called?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that energy decreases at successive trophic levels?

Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next level. Signup and view all the answers

The biomass of an organism can be measured more accurately using its fresh weight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the mass of living organisms at a specific time in an ecosystem?

standing crop Signup and view all the answers

The ________ food chain is characterized by energy transfer from decomposed organic materials.

detritus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ecological pyramid represents the total energy available at each trophic level?

Pyramid of energy Signup and view all the answers

The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the ocean.

False Signup and view all the answers

The apex of an ecological pyramid represents the primary consumers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are common detritivores in an ecosystem?

Earthworms, fungi, and certain insects Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the base of an ecological pyramid?

It represents the producers which support all other trophic levels. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding organisms:

Producers = Phytoplankton Primary consumers = Zooplankton Secondary consumers = Fishes Decomposers = Bacteria and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What term describes organisms that depend on others for their food?

Heterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Primary consumers are exclusively carnivores.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of animal that is classified as a primary consumer.

Goat Signup and view all the answers

Organisms like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter are known as __________.

decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Match each consumer type with its correct description:

Primary Consumer = Herbivore that feeds on producers Secondary Consumer = Carnivore that feeds on primary consumers Tertiary Consumer = Carnivore that feeds on secondary consumers Decomposer = Secretes enzymes to break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes secondary consumers?

Animals that eat both plants and animals Signup and view all the answers

In a grazing food chain, decomposers are considered primary producers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of detritus in an ecosystem?

To provide energy for decomposers Signup and view all the answers

The entire biosphere can be considered a global ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?

Energy flow Signup and view all the answers

In a forest ecosystem, trees occupy the top vertical stratum or layer, while __________ occupy the bottom layers.

herbs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of ecosystems with their characteristics:

Terrestrial = Land-based ecosystems such as forests and deserts Aquatic = Water-based ecosystems such as ponds and lakes Man-made = Ecosystems created or altered by human activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components contributes to the structure of an ecosystem?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Stratification refers to the lateral distribution of species in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main components of ecosystem functioning mentioned?

Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

In aquatic ecosystems, the main limiting factor for productivity is light.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reservoir of carbon on Earth?

Ocean Signup and view all the answers

Common detritivores in our ecosystem are __________.

earthworms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans despite covering 70% of the Earth's surface?

Insufficient sunlight penetration Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is a process that requires oxygen to occur.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is humification?

The process leading to the accumulation of humus, a dark colored, resistant substance in soil. Signup and view all the answers

The raw material for decomposition consists of __________, including dead plant remains and animal feces.

detritus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes of decomposition with their definitions:

Fragmentation = Breaking down detritus into smaller particles Leaching = Movement of water-soluble inorganic nutrients into the soil Mineralisation = Release of inorganic nutrients after degradation Humification = Formation of a dark resistant substance called humus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

Breaking down complex organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Humus decomposes at a rapid rate due to its colloidal nature.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the important steps in the process of decomposition.

Fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, mineralisation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT part of decomposition?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of primary productivity?

Gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) Signup and view all the answers

The storage and movement of nutrient elements through the various components of the ecosystem is called __________.

nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is categorized as a biotic component of an ecosystem?

Consumers Signup and view all the answers

Saprophytes play a significant role in the ecosystem according to ecological pyramids.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for herbivores in an ecosystem?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Energy decreases as it moves up the trophic levels in an ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?

Standing crop Signup and view all the answers

The law that states only 10 percent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next is known as the __________.

10 percent law Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of ecological pyramids?

Pyramid of species Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of ecological pyramid with its description:

Pyramid of numbers = Represents the number of organisms at each trophic level Pyramid of biomass = Represents the mass of living material at each trophic level Pyramid of energy = Represents the energy flow at each trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Trophic levels in the detritus food chain can be compared to those in the grazing food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the base of an ecological pyramid?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)?

GPP is the total organic matter produced without deductions. Signup and view all the answers

Net primary productivity (NPP) is available biomass that can be consumed by decomposers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the energy input in a pond ecosystem?

Solar energy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a pond ecosystem with their examples:

Autotrophs = Phytoplankton Consumers = Zooplankton Decomposers = Fungi Abiotic components = Water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary production?

Primary production indicates the amount of biomass or organic matter produced. Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition in an aquatic ecosystem occurs only at the surface layer.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main process by which autotrophs convert inorganic material into organic material.

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next according to the 10 percent law?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Producers occupy the highest trophic level in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of ecological pyramids commonly studied?

Pyramid of numbers, pyramid of biomass, pyramid of energy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding types of consumers:

Producers = First trophic level Herbivores = Second trophic level Carnivores = Third trophic level Decomposers = Break down dead material Signup and view all the answers

The biomass of a species can be measured more accurately in terms of fresh weight.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy as it moves up trophic levels in an ecosystem?

It decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Aquatic ecosystems are more diverse than terrestrial ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the arrangement of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?

stratification Signup and view all the answers

An ecosystem can be divided into two basic categories: and .

terrestrial, aquatic Signup and view all the answers

What component of an ecosystem refers to the flow of energy?

Productivity Signup and view all the answers

The biosphere is considered a composite of all local ecosystems.

True Signup and view all the answers

What factors are studied to understand the interactions within an ecosystem?

Abiotic and biotic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which level of a food chain typically has the largest population?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

The second trophic level in a lake is comprised of phytoplankton.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological terms with their correct definitions:

Primary productivity = The rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances Decomposition = The breakdown of organic material into simpler substances Grazing food chain = A food chain that starts with primary producers and herbivores Detritus food chain = A food chain that starts with decomposed organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms are classified as primary consumers?

Herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers can be classified as autotrophs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What begins the detritus food chain?

Death of an organism Signup and view all the answers

Animals that feed on primary consumers are known as __________.

secondary consumers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of consumers with their feeding relationships:

Primary Consumers = Feed on producers Secondary Consumers = Feed on primary consumers Tertiary Consumers = Feed on secondary consumers Decomposers = Break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes detritivores?

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Humans are exclusively classified as tertiary consumers in all food webs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a common herbivore found in aquatic ecosystems.

Molluscs Signup and view all the answers

What substance is formed during the humification process?

Humus Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?

170 billion tons Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down complex organic matter into inorganic substances is called __________.

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence primary productivity?

Soil color Signup and view all the answers

The productivity of the oceans is significantly higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two processes that occur during decomposition.

Humification and mineralisation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers convert into NPP?

1% Signup and view all the answers

How many top-carnivores can be supported in an ecosystem based on the production of nearly 6 million plants?

Three Signup and view all the answers

In an ideal pyramid of energy, energy at a lower trophic level is always ______ than at a higher level.

more Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a situation in ecological pyramids?

A species can occupy more than one trophic level Signup and view all the answers

What is the paradox regarding the inverted pyramid of biomass in the sea?

The biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton. Signup and view all the answers

Ecological pyramids take into account species that belong to multiple trophic levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

The entire biosphere can be regarded as a global ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the arrangement of organisms in different vertical layers within an ecosystem?

Stratification Signup and view all the answers

Primary consumers in an ecosystem primarily feed on __________.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Which process is crucial for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?

Decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Grasslands and forests are examples of aquatic ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of energy flow in an ecosystem?

It drives the productivity and interactions among organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major component affecting primary productivity in an ecosystem?

Type of vegetation Signup and view all the answers

The process of decomposition only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

The dark colored, amorphous substance formed during humification is called ______.

humus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps in decomposition with their descriptions:

Fragmentation = Breaking down detritus into smaller particles Leaching = Water-soluble nutrients moving into the soil Catabolism = Degradation of substances by microbial enzymes Mineralisation = Release of inorganic nutrients from humus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes detritivores?

Break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition involves several processes that occur simultaneously on detritus.

True Signup and view all the answers

In which ecosystem is the net primary productivity higher, land ecosystems or oceans?

Land ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

What does gross primary productivity (GPP) represent in an ecosystem?

The rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Secondary productivity refers to the formation of new organic matter by producers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of autotrophs in an ecosystem?

To convert inorganic substances into organic material through photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

The _______ cycle describes the continuous flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

energy Signup and view all the answers

Zooplankton are a type of autotroph found in pond ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify one abiotic component of a pond ecosystem.

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which group typically has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

The limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems is typically light availability.

True Signup and view all the answers

Common detritivores in our ecosystem include __________.

earthworms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological terms with their descriptions:

Producers = Organisms that create their own food through photosynthesis Primary consumers = Herbivores that eat producers Secondary consumers = Carnivores that eat primary consumers Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumer is a goat in the grazing food chain?

Primary consumer Signup and view all the answers

Primary consumers are always herbivores.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms called that decompose dead organic matter?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Dead organic matter initiates the ______ food chain.

detritus Signup and view all the answers

In a terrestrial ecosystem, a greater fraction of energy flows through the grazing food chain than the detritus food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who occupies a higher trophic level than primary consumers in a food chain?

Secondary consumers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary productivity?

Rate of biomass production by consumers Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition converts complex organic compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of primary productivity.

Gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) Signup and view all the answers

The storage and movement of nutrient elements in the ecosystem is called __________.

nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the ecosystem to their definitions:

Producers = Organisms that convert solar energy into organic matter Consumers = Organisms that eat other organisms for energy Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead organic material Nutrient cycling = The movement of nutrients through ecosystem components Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding energy flow in ecosystems?

Energy flow is unidirectional, from producers to decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Saprophytes have a significant role in the ecosystem and are often represented in ecological pyramids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of these has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) accounts for 1-5% of the incident solar radiation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of an ecosystem with their descriptions:

Producers = Organisms that synthesize their own food Consumers = Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead organic matter Abiotic factors = Non-living chemical and physical elements Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a man-made ecosystem?

Aquarium Signup and view all the answers

All ecosystems can be classified into terrestrial and aquatic categories.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the vertical distribution of different species in an ecosystem?

Stratification Signup and view all the answers

The two basic categories of ecosystems are __________ and aquatic.

terrestrial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of ecosystem function?

Colonization Signup and view all the answers

What are the four aspects that the components of an ecosystem are seen to function as a unit?

Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for low productivity in ocean ecosystems compared to land ecosystems?

Limited sunlight penetration Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the breakdown of complex organic matter into inorganic substances?

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

The dark colored substance formed during decomposition that is resistant to microbial action is called __________.

humus Signup and view all the answers

Which decomposers are primarily responsible for breaking down dead organic matter in soil?

Bacteria and fungi Signup and view all the answers

Humification occurs during the decomposition process and leads to the formation of nutrients.

True Signup and view all the answers

The total dry weight of organic matter produced in the biosphere annually is approximately __________ tons.

170 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms are typically primary consumers?

Herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Detritivores only consume living organic matter.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do we call organisms that break down dead organic matter?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

The primary consumers in a detritus food chain are usually __________.

herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consumers with their classifications:

Goat = Primary Consumer Man = Secondary Consumer Wolf = Tertiary Consumer Fungi = Decomposer Signup and view all the answers

In a grazing food chain, which level typically has the least energy available?

Tertiary consumers Signup and view all the answers

All animals are categorized as herbivores in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a common example of a primary carnivore.

Lion Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first trophic level in an ecosystem?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers are found on the highest trophic level of an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

The mass of living organisms in a particular area at a given time is called the __________.

standing crop Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ecological pyramids is accurate?

All pyramids must have a broader base than apex. Signup and view all the answers

A detritus food chain typically has more energy transfer limitations compared to a grazing food chain.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the process where energy is transferred through feeding relationships among organisms?

trophic levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high lignin and chitin content in detritus on the decomposition rate?

It slows down the decomposition. Signup and view all the answers

Photoautotrophs utilize sunlight to convert inorganic materials into food.

True Signup and view all the answers

What climatic conditions favor faster decomposition?

Warm and moist conditions Signup and view all the answers

The primary source of energy for all ecosystems on Earth is the _____

sun Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their definitions:

Producers = Organisms that produce their own food from sunlight Consumers = Organisms that rely on others for food Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead materials Detritus = Organic matter from dead organisms Signup and view all the answers

How much of the incident solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?

Less than 50 percent Signup and view all the answers

Low temperature and anaerobiosis promote decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the energy flow in ecosystems, starting from sunlight to producers?

Unidirectional flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems?

Consists of forest, grassland, and desert Signup and view all the answers

The entire biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem that combines all local ecosystems on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

An example of a man-made ecosystem is a __________.

crop field Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the ecosystem is primarily responsible for energy flow?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Aquatic ecosystems include examples such as rivers and estuaries.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the four aspects through which components of an ecosystem function as a unit?

Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers break down organic matter into inorganic substances.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is humification in the context of decomposition?

The accumulation of humus that is resistant to microbial action. Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down detritus into smaller particles is known as __________.

fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about humus is true?

It serves as a reservoir of nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is solely an anaerobic process.

False Signup and view all the answers

The annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately __________ billion tons of organic matter.

170 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes net primary productivity (NPP)?

Biomass available for consumption by heterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Gross primary productivity (GPP) accounts for all organic matter produced in an ecosystem without considering respiration losses.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy that sustains an aquatic ecosystem?

Solar energy Signup and view all the answers

The formula to calculate net primary productivity is GPP - _____ = NPP.

R Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an ecosystem is primarily responsible for converting inorganic substances into organic material?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Energy in an ecosystem follows a cyclical path as it moves from one trophic level to the next.

False Signup and view all the answers

Define secondary productivity in an ecosystem.

The rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers. Signup and view all the answers

Secondary producers are always herbivores.

False Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates the rate of decomposition in ecosystems?

Temperature and soil moisture Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition occurs faster in environments that are cold and dry.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?

Producers convert solar energy into food through photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be __________.

created or destroyed Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of detritus with their implications for decomposition:

Rich in lignin = Slower decomposition Rich in nitrogen = Faster decomposition High chitin content = Slow decomposition Water-soluble substances = Quicker decay Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of incident solar radiation is considered photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?

Less than 50% Signup and view all the answers

Energy flow within an ecosystem is typically unidirectional.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name two groups of organisms that are considered primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Phytoplankton and algae Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumer feeds directly on plants?

Primary Consumer Signup and view all the answers

All animals that depend on primary consumers for food are categorized as primary carnivores.

False Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers, such as and , play a crucial role in breaking down dead organic matter.

fungi, bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem?

Goat Signup and view all the answers

The major conduit for energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems is the grazing food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of decomposers in ecosystems?

Breaking down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition requires the presence of oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the dark-colored substance produced during humification known as?

humus Signup and view all the answers

The initial step in decomposition involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles, a process known as __________.

fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of primary production in an ecosystem?

To produce organic matter through photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Net primary productivity (NPP) is the total production of organic matter without considering losses from respiration.

False Signup and view all the answers

What components are considered the consumers in a pond ecosystem?

Zooplankton and other free-swimming or bottom-dwelling forms Signup and view all the answers

What are detritivores commonly known for in the ecosystem?

Breaking down complex organic materials Signup and view all the answers

Humus is easily decomposed by microbes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of productivity with their definitions:

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = Total organic matter produced during photosynthesis Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Organic matter available for consumption after respiration losses Secondary Productivity = Rate of new organic matter formation by consumers Primary Production = Amount of biomass produced by plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is essential for sustaining productivity in an ecosystem?

Constant solar energy input Signup and view all the answers

Decomposers convert inorganic material into organic material.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the trophic levels in an ecosystem?

Herbivores are primary consumers at the second trophic level. Signup and view all the answers

Energy increases at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 10 percent law in energy transfer between trophic levels?

Only 10 percent of energy is transferred to each higher trophic level. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of ecological pyramids with their descriptions:

Pyramid of number = Represents the number of organisms at each trophic level Pyramid of biomass = Represents the mass of living organisms at each trophic level Pyramid of energy = Represents the flow of energy through the trophic levels Detritus food chain = Involves organisms that feed on decomposed matter Signup and view all the answers

What does the base of an ecological pyramid represent?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Why is measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight considered more accurate?

Dry weight excludes water content, providing a more consistent measurement. Signup and view all the answers

The ecological pyramid can be inverted in certain cases.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the rate of decomposition?

Chemical composition of detritus Signup and view all the answers

Lignin and chitin-rich detritus leads to a faster decomposition rate.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?

To convert solar energy into food. Signup and view all the answers

The flow of energy in an ecosystem is __________.

unidirectional Signup and view all the answers

Match the following detritus types with their decomposition effects:

Rich in lignin = Slower decomposition Rich in nitrogen = Quicker decomposition Rich in sugars = Quicker decomposition Rich in chitin = Slower decomposition Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is captured by plants?

2-10% Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystems can function without a constant supply of energy.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?

The sun. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

Aquatic ecosystems are primarily limited by temperature as a factor for productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically ________ type.

inverted Signup and view all the answers

What is primary productivity?

The rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of biomass. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological concepts with their correct descriptions:

Grazing food chain = Involves primary producers and herbivores Detritus food chain = Involves decomposers breaking down organic matter Primary productivity = Rate of biomass production by photosynthesis Decomposition = Process of breaking down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient cycling can occur in both gaseous and sedimentary forms.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers?

secondary productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT considered a biotic factor in an ecosystem?

Soil Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of saprophytes in the ecosystem?

Decomposing organic matter Signup and view all the answers

In aquatic ecosystems, temperature is the primary limiting factor for productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the low productivity of oceans despite their large surface area?

Limited sunlight penetration Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition is a process that occurs solely in the presence of oxygen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organic matter that constitutes the raw material for decomposition?

detritus Signup and view all the answers

The important steps in the process of decomposition include fragmentation, leaching, __________, humification, and mineralisation.

catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Detritivores play a crucial role in the fragmentation step of decomposition.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Energy in an ecosystem can flow in multiple directions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are saprophytes known for in an ecosystem?

Breaking down dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

The rate of assimilation of food energy by consumers is known as __________.

secondary productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is involved in decomposition?

Fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Atmospheric carbon acts as a reservoir in the sedimentary nutrient cycle.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of nutrient cycling.

Gaseous and sedimentary Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why energy decreases at successive trophic levels?

Only 10 percent of energy is transferred Signup and view all the answers

The standing crop refers to the total mass of living material at a specific time.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of ecological pyramids studied in relation to trophic levels?

pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass, pyramid of energy Signup and view all the answers

The base of the ecological pyramid represents the __________ level.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the biomass measurement?

Dry weight measurement of biomass is more accurate Signup and view all the answers

Energy transfer in a detritus food chain has the same restrictions as in a grazing food chain.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?

10 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are primarily responsible for regulating the decomposition rate?

Temperature and soil moisture Signup and view all the answers

Lignin and chitin-rich detritus slows down the decomposition rate.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?

The sun Signup and view all the answers

Plants capture only _ to _ percent of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).

2 Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of producers with their environments:

Phytoplankton = Aquatic ecosystem Woody plants = Terrestrial ecosystem Algae = Aquatic ecosystem Herbaceous plants = Terrestrial ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy trapped in an organism over time?

It is transferred to another organism within the food chain. Signup and view all the answers

Warm and moist environments inhibit decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autotrophs in the ecosystem?

They fix solar radiant energy to produce food. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of solar energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?

1% Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the pyramid of biomass in most ecosystems?

upright Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem, a sparrow is considered a primary consumer when it eats __________.

seeds Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pyramid with its description:

Pyramid of biomass = Typically upright except in certain aquatic ecosystems Pyramid of energy = Always upright Inverted pyramid of biomass = Occurs in some aquatic ecosystems like those with large fish populations Pyramid of numbers = Generally upright with more producers than consumers Signup and view all the answers

How many top-carnivores are supported in an ecosystem that produces nearly 6 million plants?

Three Signup and view all the answers

A species can occupy more than one trophic level simultaneously in an ecosystem.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of ecological pyramids?

They do not account for the same species belonging to multiple trophic levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of terrestrial ecosystem?

Pond Signup and view all the answers

Stratification in an ecosystem refers to the horizontal distribution of species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of aquatic ecosystems.

Pond and river Signup and view all the answers

The interaction of biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem results in a characteristic __________.

physical structure Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of ecosystem with its corresponding example:

Terrestrial = Forest Aquatic = River Man-made = Crop fields Biosphere = Global ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that define the functioning aspects of an ecosystem?

Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Ecologists consider the entire biosphere as a composite of all local ecosystems on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystems?

Light Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the flow of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem?

Energy flow Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of numbers in an ecosystem dominated by trees is typically inverted.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a common detritivore found in our ecosystem.

Earthworm Signup and view all the answers

The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the __________.

ocean Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of an ecosystem with its correct description:

Producers = Organisms that create their own food through photosynthesis Primary consumers = Herbivores that feed on producers Secondary consumers = Carnivores that eat primary consumers Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead material Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to the low primary productivity of oceans?

Limited sunlight penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of detritivores in the decomposition process?

They break down detritus into smaller particles. Signup and view all the answers

The process by which dead organic matter is broken down into inorganic substances is called __________.

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which substance accumulates during humification and is resistant to microbial action?

Humus Signup and view all the answers

What are the important steps involved in the process of decomposition?

Fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralisation. Signup and view all the answers

The annual net primary productivity of the biosphere is roughly 170 billion tons of organic matter.

True Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of energy in an ecosystem can be inverted.

False Signup and view all the answers

In aquatic ecosystems, the pyramid of biomass is generally _____ because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.

inverted Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pyramids with their characteristics:

Pyramid of Numbers = Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level Pyramid of Biomass = Represents the total biomass at each level Pyramid of Energy = Shows energy available at each trophic level Inverted Pyramid of Biomass = More biomass in consumers than producers Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where some species occupy more than one trophic level at the same time?

Trophic versatility Signup and view all the answers

The primary producers in a typical ecosystem are always more in number than herbivores.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the pyramid of energy in an ecosystem?

It is always upright. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the flow of energy in a simple grazing food chain?

Grass → Goat → Man Signup and view all the answers

What term describes organisms that feed on dead organic matter?

Decomposers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of consumers with their examples:

Primary consumers = Herbivores like goats Secondary consumers = Carnivores like lions Tertiary consumers = Top predators like eagles Detritivores = Earthworms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for all consumers in an ecosystem?

Sunlight Signup and view all the answers

Omnivores can occupy multiple trophic levels in a food chain.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of saprotrophs in an ecosystem?

They decompose dead organic matter. Signup and view all the answers

What components influence the rate of decomposition?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Plants are known as __________ in an ecosystem since they produce food from sunlight.

producers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT regulate decomposition?

Atmospheric pressure Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystems do not require a constant supply of energy.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a terrestrial ecosystem?

Pond Signup and view all the answers

The biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem consisting of all local ecosystems on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the specific arrangement of plants and animals in an ecosystem based on their vertical distribution?

Stratification Signup and view all the answers

An ecosystem that is created by human activity is known as a __________ ecosystem.

man-made Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an ecosystem is NOT part of its functional aspects?

Stratification Signup and view all the answers

Forests, grasslands, and deserts represent aquatic ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which climatic conditions favor a quicker decomposition rate?

High nitrogen content and moisture Signup and view all the answers

The sun is the only source of energy for ecosystems on Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

The _____ rate of decomposition is influenced by the chemical composition of detritus.

decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its description:

Photosynthesis = Conversion of solar energy by plants Decomposition = Breaking down of dead organic material Respiration = Process of obtaining energy from food Nutrient cycling = Movement of nutrients through the ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) do plants typically capture?

2-10% Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobiosis promotes decomposition of organic materials.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two factors that regulate the rate of decomposition.

Temperature and soil moisture. Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms that feed on primary consumers called?

Primary Carnivores Signup and view all the answers

All animals that depend on plants for food are considered primary consumers.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify one example of a primary consumer in a terrestrial ecosystem.

Goat Signup and view all the answers

The detritus food chain begins with __________.

dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

In a grazing food chain, which organism is at the tertiary level?

Man Signup and view all the answers

All consumers in an ecosystem are classified as herbivores.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two main types of consumers in a food chain?

Herbivores and Carnivores Signup and view all the answers

The second trophic level in a lake consists of phytoplankton.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which trophic level consists of carnivores?

Third trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Only 20% of the energy is transferred to each trophic level according to the 10 percent law.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the mass of living material at a particular time in an ecosystem?

Standing crop Signup and view all the answers

The primary consumers in an ecosystem are generally __________.

herbivores Signup and view all the answers

Match the trophic levels with their corresponding consumers:

Producers = First trophic level Herbivores = Second trophic level Carnivores = Third trophic level Decomposers = Last trophic level Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pyramid illustrates the relationship of energy across different trophic levels?

Pyramid of energy Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition only occurs in terrestrial ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem?

Sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical conversion rate of sunlight energy into net primary productivity (NPP) by primary producers?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores always have a higher biomass than primary producers in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of pyramid is always upright in an ecosystem?

Pyramid of energy Signup and view all the answers

A sparrow functions as a primary consumer when it eats __________.

seeds Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem where the biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton, what type of biomass pyramid is typically observed?

Inverted pyramid Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to trophic levels with their descriptions:

Primary producer = Converts sunlight into energy Primary consumer = Eats producers Secondary consumer = Eats primary consumers Tertiary consumer = Eats secondary consumers Signup and view all the answers

All organisms at a trophic level must be included in calculations of energy content or biomass.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the low productivity of oceans?

Lack of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of decomposition with their definitions:

Fragmentation = Breaking down detritus into smaller particles Leaching = Water-soluble inorganic nutrients being lost Catabolism = Degradation of detritus by enzymes Humification = Formation of dark-colored humus Signup and view all the answers

Which process in decomposition involves soil microorganisms breaking down organic matter?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

Detritivores are responsible for the process of mineralisation in decomposition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of ecosystems?

Terrestrial and Aquatic Signup and view all the answers

Stratification refers to the horizontal distribution of species in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of an ecosystem that describes the interaction of abiotic and biotic components?

Structure Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy within an ecosystem?

Energy flow Signup and view all the answers

A grassland is classified as a type of aquatic ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'productivity' refer to in an ecosystem?

The rate of biomass production Signup and view all the answers

In an ideal pyramid of energy, what percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores have a higher biomass than primary producers in most ecosystems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why the pyramid of biomass in oceans is generally inverted.

The biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton. Signup and view all the answers

A sparrow acts as a primary consumer when it eats _______ and as a secondary consumer when it eats insects.

seeds Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?

Some energy is lost as heat. Signup and view all the answers

Every organism occupies the same trophic level in an ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

Explain why energy pyramids cannot be inverted.

Energy pyramids cannot be inverted because energy is always lost as heat when transferring from one trophic level to another. Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms called that directly feed on producers like plants?

Primary consumers Signup and view all the answers

All organisms in an ecosystem can be categorized as either producers or decomposers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the relationship of organisms based on their feeding habits in an ecosystem?

Trophic level Signup and view all the answers

An organism that primarily eats other animals is referred to as a __________.

carnivore Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the detritus food chain?

Begins with dead organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Secondary consumers can only consume primary consumers and not plants.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one common herbivore found in a terrestrial ecosystem.

Goat Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism has the largest population in a food chain?

Producers Signup and view all the answers

What climatic factors influence the rate of decomposition?

Temperature and soil moisture Signup and view all the answers

Decomposition rate is faster in detritus that is rich in lignin and chitin.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a terrestrial ecosystem, major producers are __________ and woody plants.

herbaceous Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of solar radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?

Less than 50% Signup and view all the answers

Name a type of organism that primarily captures solar energy.

Plants Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ecosystem Structure and Function

An ecosystem is a functional unit in nature, where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment, characterized by interaction, species, and physical structure.
Ecosystems vary in size (small ponds to large forests/seas).
The biosphere is considered a global ecosystem, comprising all local ecosystems on Earth.
Ecosystems are categorized as terrestrial (forests, grasslands, deserts) or aquatic (ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers, estuaries). Man-made ecosystems include crop fields and aquariums.
Understanding ecosystem structure is crucial to appreciating productivity, energy transfer (food chains/webs), nutrient cycling, and outputs (degradation, energy loss).
Their interrelationships, like cycles, chains, and webs, are created by energy flows within the system.
An aquatic ecosystem, such as a pond, is a good example of a fairly self-sustainable unit, exhibiting relatively simple interactions.
Abiotic components include water and soil, dissolved inorganic and organic substances; biotic components include phytoplankton, algae, zooplankton, and various other organisms; are regulated by factors like solar input, temperature fluctuations, day-length, and other climatic conditions.
The sun is the primary energy source in most ecosystems (except deep-sea hydrothermal vents). Sunlight is vital for photosynthesis in producers, driving primary productivity.
Ecosystems are not exempt from the Second Law of Thermodynamics; they require a continued inflow of energy to maintain organization and function. Energy flow is often unidirectional.

Ecosystem Structure

Ecosystem components include abiotic (air, water, soil) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers).
Stratification, the vertical distribution of species (e.g., trees, shrubs, herbs), characterizes forest ecosystems.
Productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling are key aspects of ecosystem function.
- Productivity is the rate of biomass production (organic matter) through processes like photosynthesis. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total rate of photosynthesis; Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is GPP minus respiration.
- Decomposition is the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler inorganic ones by decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Processes include fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralisation; Detritivores (e.g., earthworms) participate significantly in fragmentation.
- Energy flow is unidirectional, from producers to various consumers and finally to decomposers; typically with roughly 10% energy transfer between trophic levels. This results in energy loss as heat and dissipation across trophic levels.
- Nutrient cycling continuously circulates essential elements within the ecosystem.
- Energy flows through trophic levels decreasing as you move up the food chain.
A trophic level represents an organism's position in a food chain or web based on its nutritional relationships.
Interaction of abiotic and biotic components creates a characteristic physical structure and species composition found in every ecosystem.
The rate of decomposition depends on factors such as the composition of detrital material (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture, temperature, presence of decomposers, and can affect nutrient cycling, as well as the rate of energy flow and the availability of inorganic nutrients.
Decomposition processes (e.g., fragmentation, leaching, etc.) operate simultaneously; products of these include humus, which is resistant to further decomposition.

Productivity

Primary productivity is the rate of biomass production by producers (plants) during photosynthesis.
It is expressed in terms of weight (gm⁻²) or energy (kcal m⁻²) per year.
The rate of biomass production is called productivity.
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total rate of photosynthesis.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is calculated as GPP minus respiration, representing the remaining biomass or energy available for consumption by consumers.
Primary productivity depends on environmental factors, including plant species, nutrient availability, and climate, among others. Limiting factors exist for productivity, notably in aquatic ecosystems. Factors such as sunlight penetration, nutrient availability, and water temperature act as limiting factors in aquatic ecosystems.
The global biosphere's annual net primary productivity is roughly 170 billion tons (dry weight) of organic matter.
Significant variation exists in productivity across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Ocean productivity is often lower than land, despite covering 70% of the surface. Productivity differences are attributed to limitations in nutrient availability, light penetration, and water temperature in aquatic environments.
Decomposition is an important process for nutrient cycling.

Decomposition

Decomposition is the breakdown of complex organic materials into simpler inorganic substances. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) are essential to this process.
Decomposition involves several sequential processes: fragmentation (breaking down detritus), leaching (dissolving soluble nutrients), catabolism (degradation), humification (accumulation of humus, resistant to further break down), and mineralisation (release of inorganic nutrients). Detritivores (e.g., earthworms) are important in the fragmentation process.
Decomposition is an oxygen-requiring process, affected by several environmental factors. The rate depends on the composition of detrital material (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture conditions, temperature, and presence of decomposers.
Accumulation of products like humus influences decomposition rates.

Energy Flow

Energy primarily originates from the Sun (except in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems). Crucial for all ecosystems. This energy is vital for primary productivity.
Producers (plants) capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Consumers (heterotrophs) obtain energy by feeding on producers or other consumers.
Energy flow is unidirectional, from producers to various consumers and finally to decomposers; typically with roughly 10% energy transfer between trophic levels, demonstrating substantial energy loss as heat and dissipation across trophic levels.
A trophic level represents an organism's position in a food chain or web based on its nutritional relationships.
Producers are at trophic level 1, herbivores (primary consumers) are at level 2, carnivores (secondary consumers) are at level 3, and so on.
The continuous flow of energy is a fundamental aspect of ecosystems.
Detritus food chains provide an alternative route for energy flow in some ecosystems (e.g., in terrestrial ecosystems when dead organic matter is abundant).
Food chains are simplified versions of energy flow paths; food webs illustrate the more complex energy relationships in an ecosystem.
Distinct grazing and detritus food chains exist in ecosystems.

Ecological Pyramids

Ecological pyramids graphically depict the trophic relationships in ecosystems. These pyramids represent the energy, number, or biomass transferred between trophic levels within a food chain:
- Pyramids of numbers demonstrate the number of organisms at each trophic level.
- Pyramids of biomass show the total mass (biomass) of organisms at each trophic level, which can be inverted (e.g., in aquatic ecosystems).
- Pyramids of energy illustrate the amount of energy available at each trophic level, which are always upright.
Decomposers are not typically shown within these pyramids, though they play important roles in energy flow and nutrient cycling.
Standing crop refers to the biomass or count of organisms at a particular point in time.
Some ecosystem pyramids are not necessarily pyramid shaped, as in an inverted biomass pyramid, where the productivity of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a greater biomass of consumers, (zooplankton).
Sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems.

Other concepts

A detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter, and is broken down by decomposers (fungi, bacteria).
Standing crop refers to the biomass or number of organisms at a given time.
The rate of decomposition is influenced by climatic factors, the composition of detritus (e.g., lignin and chitin), moisture, temperature, and the presence of decomposers.
Food chains offer simplified energy flow patterns; food webs illustrate complex energy pathways in ecosystems.
In aquatic environments, limiting factors impacting productivity can include light availability, nutrient presence, and water temperature.
Common decomposers include bacteria, fungi, and various invertebrates also play a role in decomposition.
Distinct grazing and detritus food chains exist in ecosystems.

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Test your knowledge on the components of a pond ecosystem, including abiotic factors, the roles of decomposers, and productivity levels. This quiz covers key concepts related to primary producers and consumers within the ecosystem. Perfect for students studying environmental science or ecology.

NCERT - ECOSYSTEM - 24-25

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Questions and Answers

Which component of a pond ecosystem is considered abiotic?

The net primary productivity (NPP) is the total biomass produced in photosynthesis without considering respiration losses.

What is the role of decomposers in a pond ecosystem?

The rate of biomass production in ecosystems is known as __________.

What defines primary production in an ecosystem?

Solar energy is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems.

What is the formula to calculate Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?

Match the following terms with their definitions:

What are organisms called that feed directly on plants?

All animals are classified as consumers.

What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?

The process of obtaining energy by breaking down dead and waste materials is known as ______.

Match the following types of consumers with their descriptions:

Which of the following is considered a tertiary consumer?

The detritus food chain is made up of producers only.

Name two examples of primary consumers in a terrestrial ecosystem.

In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid of numbers is typically a(n):

The major reservoir of carbon on Earth is the atmosphere.

What are common detritivores found in our ecosystem?

In aquatic ecosystems, the limiting factor for productivity is __________.

Match the following layers of the food chain with their descriptions:

What percentage of sunlight energy do primary producers typically convert into net primary production (NPP)?

Carnivores in an ecosystem typically have a higher biomass than primary producers.

How many trophic levels do human beings typically occupy in a food chain?

The pyramid of energy is always _____ and can never be inverted.

Which of these statements reflects an exception to the generalization of ecological pyramids?

Energy at a higher trophic level is always more than at a lower trophic level.

What is a possible shape of the biomass pyramid if many insects feed on a single large tree?

What is the approximate annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere?

Decomposition occurs only in the absence of oxygen.

What role do earthworms play in the decomposition process?

The final step in decomposition involves the release of inorganic nutrients through a process known as __________.

What process involves breaking down detritus into smaller particles?

Name the steps involved in the process of decomposition.

The productivity of the oceans is greater than that of land ecosystems.

What are the two main structural features of an ecosystem?

Decomposition involves the unidirectional flow of energy in an ecosystem.

What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem?

Plants are called as _________ because they fix carbon dioxide.

Match the following types of productivity with their definitions:

Which of the following components of an ecosystem is responsible for nutrient cycling?

Nutrient cycling consists of both gaseous and liquid types.

What role do saprophytes play in the ecosystem?

Which of the following is a characteristic of an ecosystem?

Every ecosystem can be classified as either terrestrial or aquatic.

What term describes the vertical distribution of different species occupying various levels in an ecosystem?

A man-made ecosystem can be represented by a __________.

Match the following types of ecosystems with their examples:

What is NOT a component of the ecosystem structure?

The biosphere is considered a single ecosystem by many ecologists.

Name one example of an aquatic ecosystem.

What substance in detritus can slow down the decomposition process?

A warm and dry environment favors decomposition.

What do plants and photosynthetic bacteria use to make food?

In an ecosystem, organisms that capture solar energy are called __________.

Match the types of ecosystems with their primary producers:

What percentage of the solar energy do plants capture for photosynthesis?

All ecosystems are exempt from the second law of thermodynamics.

What is the term for the interdependent relationships between organisms in an ecosystem that form food chains or webs?

What is the role of primary consumers in a food chain?

Secondary consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers.

Name two examples of primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem.

The organisms that decompose dead organic matter are known as __________.

Which of the following components primarily consists of the organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis?

Which of the following describes tertiary consumers?

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the same as net primary productivity (NPP).

Match the following types of organisms with their roles in the food chain:

In a grazing food chain, energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers.

What is the main source of energy for primary productivity in an ecosystem?

The formula for calculating net primary productivity (NPP) is GPP - __________.

What is a detritus food chain?

Match the following terms related to productivity with their definitions:

Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the conversion of inorganic matter to organic material?

What type of organisms are considered primary consumers in a pond ecosystem?

Decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients back into an ecosystem.

What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?