2-L2+

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What type of bonds link monosaccharide units in polysaccharides?

Hydrogen bonds
Glycosidic bonds (correct)
Peptide bonds
Disulfide bonds

What is the main difference between the glucose units in glycogen and starch?

The number of glucose units
The function of glucose units
The type of glycosidic linkages (correct)
The location of glucose units

What is the function of cellulose in plants?

Energy storage
Protein synthesis
Cell signaling
Structural role (correct)

Why can't cellulose be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract?

The human GI tract does not produce enzymes to hydrolyze β-1,4 linkages (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of dietary fiber that is important for normal gastrointestinal function?

Cellulose (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of glycosidic linkages in cellulose?

β-1,4 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal concentration of lactate in plasma?

Less than 1mM (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of lactate concentration exceeding 5mM in plasma?

Lactic acidosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lactase in the body?

To break down lactose into glucose and galactose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of lactose intolerance on galactose metabolism?

Decreased galactose metabolism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating galactose in the first step of galactose metabolism?

Galactokinase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction of galactose metabolism in the liver?

Galactose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyses Step 1 of glycolysis in the liver?

Glucokinase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction catalysed by Pyruvate kinase in Step 10 of glycolysis?

ATP and Pyruvate (B) Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

When oxygen supply is inadequate or in cells without mitochondria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in anaerobic glycolysis?

To increase NAD+ concentrations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate fate of Lactate produced in anaerobic glycolysis?

It is converted back to Pyruvate and oxidized to CO2 in the heart (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP yield of anaerobic glycolysis?

2 ATP (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?

(CH₂O)n (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrates have 6 carbon atoms?

Hexoses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

They are partially oxidized (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?

Aldoses are derived from glyceraldehyde, ketoses are not (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why do monosaccharides not readily cross cell membranes?

Because they are hydrophilic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of polysaccharides?

They are complex carbohydrates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hexose found in blood?

Glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excessive galactose and fructose in the blood?

Clinical problems (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed during the condensation of two monosaccharides?

O-glycosidic bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high glucose levels in the blood?

Untreated diabetes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose?

Lactose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the digestion of dietary starch?

Maltose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can disaccharides be if the aldehyde or ketone groups of the two sugars are both involved in forming the glycosidic bond?

Non-reducing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formation of disaccharides characterized by?

Condensation reaction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sucrose and lactose?

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose, lactose is formed from glucose and galactose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of disaccharides?

They are all formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides (B) Signup and view all the answers