34 Questions
What type of bonds link monosaccharide units in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
What is the main difference between the glucose units in glycogen and starch?
The type of glycosidic linkages
What is the function of cellulose in plants?
Structural role
Why can't cellulose be digested in the human gastrointestinal tract?
The human GI tract does not produce enzymes to hydrolyze β-1,4 linkages
What is the main component of dietary fiber that is important for normal gastrointestinal function?
Cellulose
What is the type of glycosidic linkages in cellulose?
β-1,4
What is the normal concentration of lactate in plasma?
Less than 1mM
What is the result of lactate concentration exceeding 5mM in plasma?
Lactic acidosis
What is the main function of lactase in the body?
To break down lactose into glucose and galactose
What is the result of lactose intolerance on galactose metabolism?
Decreased galactose metabolism
What is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating galactose in the first step of galactose metabolism?
Galactokinase
What is the overall reaction of galactose metabolism in the liver?
Galactose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP
Which enzyme catalyses Step 1 of glycolysis in the liver?
Glucokinase
What is the product of the reaction catalysed by Pyruvate kinase in Step 10 of glycolysis?
ATP and Pyruvate
Under what conditions does anaerobic glycolysis occur?
When oxygen supply is inadequate or in cells without mitochondria
What is the role of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in anaerobic glycolysis?
To increase NAD+ concentrations
What is the ultimate fate of Lactate produced in anaerobic glycolysis?
It is converted back to Pyruvate and oxidized to CO2 in the heart
What is the net ATP yield of anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?
(CH₂O)n
What type of carbohydrates have 6 carbon atoms?
Hexoses
What is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
They are partially oxidized
What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?
Aldoses are derived from glyceraldehyde, ketoses are not
Why do monosaccharides not readily cross cell membranes?
Because they are hydrophilic
What is a characteristic of polysaccharides?
They are complex carbohydrates
What is the primary hexose found in blood?
Glucose
What is the result of excessive galactose and fructose in the blood?
Clinical problems
What type of bond is formed during the condensation of two monosaccharides?
O-glycosidic bond
What is the result of high glucose levels in the blood?
Untreated diabetes
What is an example of a disaccharide formed from glucose and galactose?
Lactose
What is produced during the digestion of dietary starch?
Maltose
What can disaccharides be if the aldehyde or ketone groups of the two sugars are both involved in forming the glycosidic bond?
Non-reducing
What is the formation of disaccharides characterized by?
Condensation reaction
What is the difference between sucrose and lactose?
Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose, lactose is formed from glucose and galactose
What is the common characteristic of disaccharides?
They are all formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
This quiz covers the structure and composition of polysaccharides, including glycogen and starch, and their differences in terms of composition, linkages, and sources. Learn about the types of glycosidic bonds and their functions. Test your knowledge of these important biomolecules!
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