38 Questions
What is the function of cellulose in plants?
Structural role
What type of linkages are found in amylopectin?
α-1,4 and α-1,6
What is the major component of dietary fiber that is important for normal gastrointestinal function?
Cellulose
What is the type of linkage found in cellulose?
β-1,4
What is the function of glycogen in animals?
Energy storage
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is hydrolyzed, cellulose is not
What is the type of bond that links monosaccharide units in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
What is the enzyme that catalyzes Step 1 of glycolysis in the liver?
Glucokinase
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate
Which enzyme is responsible for reducing Pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the normal relationship between lactate production and utilization?
The amount of lactate produced equals the amount of lactate utilized
What is the net ATP gain in anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP
What is the plasma lactate concentration that can cause a problem?
Greater than 5mM
Which step of glycolysis is catalyzed by Pyruvate kinase?
Step 10
What is the role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in anaerobic glycolysis?
To increase NAD+ concentrations
What is the result of low activity of the enzyme lactase?
Decreased digestion of lactose
What is the product of lactose hydrolysis by lactase?
Glucose and galactose
In which tissues does anaerobic glycolysis primarily occur?
Red blood cells and skeletal muscle
What is the overall reaction of galactose metabolism?
Galactose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP
What is the effect of lactose intolerance on galactose metabolism?
Affects galactose metabolism by releasing glucose and galactose
What is the enzyme that converts galactose to galactose-1-P?
Galactokinase
What is the major hexose found in blood?
Glucose
What is the condition resulting from excessive galactose in the blood?
Galactosaemia
What is produced during the digestion of dietary starch?
Maltose
How are disaccharides formed?
By the condensation of two monosaccharides
What type of bond is formed during the formation of a disaccharide?
O-glycosidic bond
What makes a disaccharide non-reducing?
When the aldehyde or ketone groups of the two sugars are both involved in forming the glycosidic bond
What are sucrose and lactose examples of?
Disaccharides
What is the minimum glucose requirement for a healthy adult?
180g/day
What percentage of glucose requirement is used by the CNS?
50%
Which tissues only use glucose?
All of the above
What is the function of glycolysis in cells?
To produce energy (ATP)
Where is glycolysis carried out in cells?
Cytosol
How many steps are there in glycolysis?
10
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate
What is the condition required for aerobic glycolysis?
Normal oxygen supply
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis?
Oxygen supply
Which cells carry out anaerobic glycolysis?
Red blood cells and cells exposed to low oxygen supply
Test your knowledge of polysaccharides, including glycogen and starch, and their structures and functions in animals and plants. Learn about the types of glycosidic bonds and linkages that form these important biomolecules.
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