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Questions and Answers
A condensation reaction that produces a polysaccharide is an endergonic reaction.
A condensation reaction that produces a polysaccharide is an endergonic reaction.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a feature of ATP?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of ATP?
- Adenine
- Three phosphates
- Inorganic phosphate (correct)
- Ribose
Hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic reaction.
Hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic reaction.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a product of glucose oxidation?
Which of the following is NOT a product of glucose oxidation?
How many carbons are in glucose?
How many carbons are in glucose?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
During glycolysis, how many ATP are made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
During glycolysis, how many ATP are made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available for the cell?
What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available for the cell?
Which coenzyme acts as an electron and hydrogen carrier during glycolysis?
Which coenzyme acts as an electron and hydrogen carrier during glycolysis?
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is often used to drive unfavourable reactions forward.
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is often used to drive unfavourable reactions forward.
Glucose is fully oxidized during glycolysis.
Glucose is fully oxidized during glycolysis.
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
Where in the cell is pyruvate produced?
Where in the cell is pyruvate produced?
Which type of fermentation reduces pyruvate, regenerates NAD+ and produces a gas in the process?
Which type of fermentation reduces pyruvate, regenerates NAD+ and produces a gas in the process?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?
Why are muscle cells rich in mitochondria?
Why are muscle cells rich in mitochondria?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mitochondrial fission?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mitochondrial fission?
What is the function of the protein Drp1 in mitochondrial fission?
What is the function of the protein Drp1 in mitochondrial fission?
What molecule provides energy for the mitochondrial fission process?
What molecule provides energy for the mitochondrial fission process?
What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?
Which molecules are able to pass through the porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
Which molecules are able to pass through the porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the primary function of cardiolipins in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the primary function of cardiolipins in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which of the following statements about the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is correct?
Which of the following statements about the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is correct?
What is the primary role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
What is the primary role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?
According to the endosymbiont theory, what was the relationship between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell?
According to the endosymbiont theory, what was the relationship between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell?
How many proteins does a mitochondrion typically produce for its own needs?
How many proteins does a mitochondrion typically produce for its own needs?
What is the main reason chloroplasts are considered plastids?
What is the main reason chloroplasts are considered plastids?
Which organelle shares a similar inner and outer membrane structure with mitochondria?
Which organelle shares a similar inner and outer membrane structure with mitochondria?
The matrix is the area between the inner and the outer membranes.
The matrix is the area between the inner and the outer membranes.
The outer membrane contains porins, which are channels that allow unrestricted passage of moderately sized molecules like pyruvate.
The outer membrane contains porins, which are channels that allow unrestricted passage of moderately sized molecules like pyruvate.
Glycolysis and fermentation both occur in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis and fermentation both occur in the cytoplasm.
Fermentation is the preferred method of ATP generation in the presence of oxygen.
Fermentation is the preferred method of ATP generation in the presence of oxygen.
The mitochondria is where pyruvate undergoes oxidation to produce acetyl CoA.
The mitochondria is where pyruvate undergoes oxidation to produce acetyl CoA.
Glycolysis results in the production of 3 NADH molecules.
Glycolysis results in the production of 3 NADH molecules.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.
During the oxidation of pyruvate, carbon dioxide is released and NADPH is produced.
During the oxidation of pyruvate, carbon dioxide is released and NADPH is produced.
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?
What is the main role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the oxidation of pyruvate?
What is the main role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the oxidation of pyruvate?
Which section of cellular respiration involves the formation of 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH?
Which section of cellular respiration involves the formation of 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH?
Which molecule acts as a coenzyme during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Which molecule acts as a coenzyme during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What is the outcome if a cell lacks oxygen for cellular respiration?
What is the outcome if a cell lacks oxygen for cellular respiration?
What happens in Step 2 of the citric acid cycle?
What happens in Step 2 of the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule is very similar to NADH and is produced in the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule is very similar to NADH and is produced in the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of FADH2 in the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of FADH2 in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of GTP or ATP production in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of GTP or ATP production in the citric acid cycle?
How many oxaloacetate molecules are regenerated at the end of one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?
How many oxaloacetate molecules are regenerated at the end of one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?
How many total NADH so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total NADH so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total FADH2 so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total FADH2 so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total CO2 so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total CO2 so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total ATP (Net!) so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
How many total ATP (Net!) so far from one molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of Coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of Coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain?
Which type of proteins are involved in carrying electrons through the electron transport chain?
Which type of proteins are involved in carrying electrons through the electron transport chain?
Where are the mega complexes of the electron transport chain embedded?
Where are the mega complexes of the electron transport chain embedded?
What is the alternate name for Coenzyme Q used in the text?
What is the alternate name for Coenzyme Q used in the text?
Which protein acts as a shuttle moving electrons along between complexes in the electron transport chain?
Which protein acts as a shuttle moving electrons along between complexes in the electron transport chain?
At which complex in the electron transport chain does NADH enter?
At which complex in the electron transport chain does NADH enter?
How many hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space from the oxidation of one NADH molecule?
How many hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space from the oxidation of one NADH molecule?
At which complex does FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?
At which complex does FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?
Which of the following poisons blocks complex 4 of the electron transport chain?
Which of the following poisons blocks complex 4 of the electron transport chain?
Which component of the electrochemical gradient is established by the accumulation of positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space?
Which component of the electrochemical gradient is established by the accumulation of positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space?
According to the chemiosmotic theory, what is the primary source of the proton gradient established across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
According to the chemiosmotic theory, what is the primary source of the proton gradient established across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the direction of proton movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane during ATP synthesis?
What is the direction of proton movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane during ATP synthesis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cells can survive using glycolysis to produce ATP, but aerobic respiration produces the most ATP
- Aerobic respiration completely oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide and produces a large amount of ATP
- Mitochondria are the primary site of aerobic respiration and are often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell"
- Mitochondria are found in areas of high ATP demand, such as muscle cells
- Mitochondria are dynamic, interconnected networks that can fuse and divide
- The endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial Structure
- Mitochondria have two membranes: outer and inner
- The outer membrane encapsulates the organelle, while the inner membrane folds inward to increase surface area
- The matrix is the middle compartment, and the intermembrane space is the area between the two membranes
- Cristae are the deep folds of the inner membrane, and cristae junctions are the narrow extensions
- The outer membrane contains channel proteins called porins, which allow moderately sized molecules to move freely
- The inner membrane has different chemical properties and is enriched with cardiolipin, a phospholipid that insulates the membrane
Mitochondrial Function
- Mitochondria have their own machinery to transcribe and translate proteins, but only produce about 5% of the proteins they need
- The matrix contains ribosomes and circular DNA
- The citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix
- Mitochondria can produce ATP through aerobic respiration, using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Cellular Respiration Process
- Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
- Pyruvate oxidation produces acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and NADH
- The citric acid cycle produces 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 1 oxaloacetate
- Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP using energy from redox reactions in the electron transport chain
- The electron transport chain produces a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain
- The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that use energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
- The electron transport chain is composed of four mega complexes and uses CoQ and cytochrome C as electron carriers
- The energy from the electron transport chain is used to generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Chemiosmosis
- The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain is used to drive ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis
- The proton gradient is an electrochemical gradient, with a difference in concentration and charge across the membrane
- The energy from the proton gradient is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP through the process of chemiosmosis
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