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Questions and Answers
What is the main reason for the rigidity and brittleness of highly cross-linked polymers?
What is the main reason for the rigidity and brittleness of highly cross-linked polymers?
Which type of polymer is primarily used in the manufacturing of tires?
Which type of polymer is primarily used in the manufacturing of tires?
What property affects the strength of straight chain and branched chain polymers?
What property affects the strength of straight chain and branched chain polymers?
How do polar groups like carbonyl and hydroxyl affect polymer strength?
How do polar groups like carbonyl and hydroxyl affect polymer strength?
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What is a characteristic of polyethylene's molecular structure?
What is a characteristic of polyethylene's molecular structure?
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Why do cross-linked polymers have limited movement of their molecular chains?
Why do cross-linked polymers have limited movement of their molecular chains?
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What role does slipping power play in determining polymer strength?
What role does slipping power play in determining polymer strength?
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Which polymer type is likely to show better elasticity and flexibility?
Which polymer type is likely to show better elasticity and flexibility?
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What characterizes plastic deformation in polymers?
What characterizes plastic deformation in polymers?
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Which type of polymer is least likely to exhibit slippage under stress?
Which type of polymer is least likely to exhibit slippage under stress?
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What factor primarily influences the crystallization tendency of a polymer?
What factor primarily influences the crystallization tendency of a polymer?
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Which property is associated with a polymer exhibiting high crystallinity?
Which property is associated with a polymer exhibiting high crystallinity?
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Which of the following polymers is most likely to be amorphous?
Which of the following polymers is most likely to be amorphous?
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What type of solvent is a polymer with polar functional groups most soluble in?
What type of solvent is a polymer with polar functional groups most soluble in?
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How does chemical resistance of a polymer relate to its monomers?
How does chemical resistance of a polymer relate to its monomers?
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Which statement about crystalline regions in polymers is true?
Which statement about crystalline regions in polymers is true?
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What is the formula to calculate the number average molecular weight (Mn) of a polymer?
What is the formula to calculate the number average molecular weight (Mn) of a polymer?
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Which of the following statements best describes weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
Which of the following statements best describes weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
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In a polymer sample containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 molecules with molecular weights of $1X10^5$, $2X10^5$, $3X10^5$, and $4X10^5$, what is the number average molecular weight (Mn)?
In a polymer sample containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 molecules with molecular weights of $1X10^5$, $2X10^5$, $3X10^5$, and $4X10^5$, what is the number average molecular weight (Mn)?
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What is the weight average molecular weight (Mw) for a polymer sample where 30% have a molecular mass of 20000, 40% have 30000, and 30% have 60000?
What is the weight average molecular weight (Mw) for a polymer sample where 30% have a molecular mass of 20000, 40% have 30000, and 30% have 60000?
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In a polymer containing molecules with degrees of polymerization of 500, 750, 950, and 1500 mixed in a ratio of 1:2:3:4, how is the number average molecular weight calculated?
In a polymer containing molecules with degrees of polymerization of 500, 750, 950, and 1500 mixed in a ratio of 1:2:3:4, how is the number average molecular weight calculated?
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If a polymer sample has the following molecular weights: $10^5$, $2X10^5$, $3X10^5$, and $4X10^5$ with respective counts 1, 2, 3, and 4, what is the weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
If a polymer sample has the following molecular weights: $10^5$, $2X10^5$, $3X10^5$, and $4X10^5$ with respective counts 1, 2, 3, and 4, what is the weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
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Which of the following formulas represents the correct calculation for weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
Which of the following formulas represents the correct calculation for weight average molecular weight (Mw)?
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When calculating the number average molecular weight, which of the following is true?
When calculating the number average molecular weight, which of the following is true?
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What does the coefficient 'a' represent in the Mark-Houwink equation?
What does the coefficient 'a' represent in the Mark-Houwink equation?
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Which formula calculates the average degree of polymerization (DP) for a sample with varying percentages?
Which formula calculates the average degree of polymerization (DP) for a sample with varying percentages?
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In the calculation of viscosity average molecular weight, what does Mv represent?
In the calculation of viscosity average molecular weight, what does Mv represent?
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What is the significance of the Mark-Houwink equation in polymer science?
What is the significance of the Mark-Houwink equation in polymer science?
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Which of the following best describes engineering polymers?
Which of the following best describes engineering polymers?
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What does the equation log [η] = log K + a log M indicate?
What does the equation log [η] = log K + a log M indicate?
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What is the primary focus of polymer engineering?
What is the primary focus of polymer engineering?
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Which statement accurately defines the term intrinsic viscosity?
Which statement accurately defines the term intrinsic viscosity?
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What is a primary characteristic of pH-responsive polymers?
What is a primary characteristic of pH-responsive polymers?
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Which of the following statements is true about ion-responsive polymers like poly (acrylic acid)?
Which of the following statements is true about ion-responsive polymers like poly (acrylic acid)?
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How do glucose-responsive polymers interact with glucose molecules?
How do glucose-responsive polymers interact with glucose molecules?
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Which of the following behaviors does poly (acrylic acid) exhibit under low pH conditions?
Which of the following behaviors does poly (acrylic acid) exhibit under low pH conditions?
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What type of properties do photo-responsive polymers regulate when exposed to light?
What type of properties do photo-responsive polymers regulate when exposed to light?
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What results in the expansion or collapse of polyelectrolyte polymer chains in aqueous solutions?
What results in the expansion or collapse of polyelectrolyte polymer chains in aqueous solutions?
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Which of the following is NOT a behavior of glucose-responsive polymers?
Which of the following is NOT a behavior of glucose-responsive polymers?
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Why are photo-responsive polymers significant in material development?
Why are photo-responsive polymers significant in material development?
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Study Notes
Polymer Structure and Properties
- Highly cross-linked polymers exhibit increased rigidity and brittleness, while lower cross-linking leads to enhanced flexibility and elasticity.
- Molecular structure defines polymer properties: linear polymers are common in packaging and textiles; branched polymers are ideal for films.
- Cross-linked polymers are crucial for applications like tires, coatings, and adhesives.
Strength and Deformation
- Strength is influenced by attraction forces (covalent and intermolecular) and chain length; chains longer than 150-200 carbon atoms provide mechanical strength.
- Covalent bonds in cross-linked polymers yield stronger structures compared to straight and branched chains.
- Plastic deformation occurs under stress (heat or pressure), aiding in plastic molding; linear polymers show more slippage due to weaker intermolecular forces.
Crystallinity
- Polymer crystallinity is determined by the arrangement of chains: amorphous (random) vs. crystalline (ordered).
- High crystallinity enhances tensile strength, impact resistance, density, and fusion temperature.
- Amorphous polymers (e.g., polystyrene) have a low degree of crystallinity due to complex structures.
Chemical Resistance
- Chemical resistance varies with monomer structure and arrangement; polar groups enhance solubility in polar solvents.
- Polymers with polar groups tend to dissolve in polar solvents and resist non-polar solvents.
Molecular Weight Determination
- Number-average molecular weight (Mn) and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) are two methods to express polymer molecular weight.
- Mn is calculated by dividing the total mass of all molecules by the total number of molecules.
- Mw considers the mass contribution of each molecule, leading to different average values due to distribution.
Polymer Engineering
- Engineering polymers are designed for high-performance applications, focusing on structure-property relationships and processing techniques.
- Polymer engineering plays a central role in the petrochemical industry, emphasizing design and analysis.
Responsive Polymers
- Photo-responsive polymers: Change behavior when exposed to light, affecting properties like polarity and charge.
- pH-responsive polymers: Alter properties based on environmental pH, utilizing ionizable groups for electrostatic interactions; examples include polyacids and polybases.
- Ion-responsive polymers: Change behavior based on ionic strength, demonstrated by poly(acrylic acid), which swells or collapses depending on pH.
- Glucose and enzyme responsive polymers: Engineered to respond to glucose levels, triggering changes like swelling or drug release through reversible bonding.
Summary of Molecular Weight Calculations
- Example calculations show how to determine Mn and Mw based on given molecular weights and distribution percentages within a polymer sample.
- Understanding the methods for calculating averages helps in assessing polymer characteristics essential for various applications.
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Description
Test your knowledge on polymer structure, properties, and behavior under stress with this quiz. Explore how cross-linking and molecular arrangements affect flexibility, strength, and crystallinity in polymers used in various applications. Perfect for students of material science and chemistry.
