28 Questions
What did the Defense of Marriage Act in 2003 ban?
Federal recognition of same-sex marriage
Why was the Defense of Marriage Act controversial regarding the full faith and credit clause?
It allowed states to ignore same-sex marriages from other states
In which year did the Supreme Court establish a constitutional right to gay marriage?
2013
What did the court rule in United States v. Windsor regarding the Defense of Marriage Act?
It found the Act violated due process and equal protection clauses
What did George Washington warn against in his Farewell Address in 1796?
The dangers of political parties
Which were the first two major political parties in America?
Federalist Party and Whig Party
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 aim to achieve?
Ban any discrimination from public business
In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the decision settled several separate cases and concluded that the equal protection clause applies...
Only to state government
What was the main argument in Plessy v. Ferguson regarding segregation?
Segregation is a violation of the 14th amendment's equal protection clause
When did the Supreme Court overturn the doctrine of 'separate but equal' established in Plessy v. Ferguson?
1954
In Bolling v. Sharpe, what was the significance of the doctrine of 'reverse incorporation'?
It extended due process rights to the federal government
What does 'reverse incorporation' refer to?
Extending responsibilities from state to federal government
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establish?
Bans discrimination in public accommodations
In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, what was the main issue regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
If Congress can regulate racial discrimination by private businesses
What was the outcome of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke?
Some affirmative action programs are constitutional, but Bakke's case was unconstitutional
What did Adarand Constructors v. Pena establish about affirmative action?
Strict scrutiny should be applied to affirmative action programs
Which act prohibits discrimination in voting?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
What principle did Congress rely on to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Power to regulate commerce
What is the main purpose of PACs (Political Action Committees)?
To advocate for the election or defeat of candidates
What distinguishes 527 organizations from PACs?
They can donate unlimited amounts without disclosing donors
Who can create a PAC?
Corporations, interest groups, labor unions, etc.
Why are corporations prohibited from contributing directly to PACs?
To prevent undue influence in political campaigns
Which type of organization does not have to disclose their donors?
527 organizations
What action can the president take to veto a bill passed by Congress?
Take no action on the bill
What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?
A 2/3 majority in both chambers
What is the role of the Rules Committee in the House of Representatives?
Determining debate time and amendments for bills
If the President takes no action on a bill for 10 days while Congress is still in session, what happens to the bill?
It automatically becomes law
What percentage of votes in both chambers of Congress is needed to override a presidential veto?
67%
Prepare for your POLS 1150 Exam 3 with this study guide focusing on key events in the history of civil rights, including the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Civil Rights Cases (1883), Plessy v. Ferguson, and the doctrine of 'separate but equal'. Enhance your understanding of the legal battles and decisions that shaped racial equality.
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