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Questions and Answers
Many insects may consume pollen or the nectar without bringing about ______.
Many insects may consume pollen or the nectar without bringing about ______.
pollination
The majority of flowering plants produce ______ flowers.
The majority of flowering plants produce ______ flowers.
hermaphrodite
Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not ______ in some species.
Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not ______ in some species.
synchronised
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollen from fertilising the ______.
Self-incompatibility prevents self-pollen from fertilising the ______.
Unisexual flowers can prevent ______, but not geitonogamy.
Unisexual flowers can prevent ______, but not geitonogamy.
Flowering plants have developed many devices to discourage ______ and encourage cross-pollination.
Flowering plants have developed many devices to discourage ______ and encourage cross-pollination.
In some species, stigma becomes receptive much before the release of ______.
In some species, stigma becomes receptive much before the release of ______.
Floral visitors that do not contribute to pollination are referred to as pollen/______ robbers.
Floral visitors that do not contribute to pollination are referred to as pollen/______ robbers.
Geitonogamy is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same ______.
Geitonogamy is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same ______.
Xenogamy involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different ______.
Xenogamy involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different ______.
Plants use two abiotic agents, wind and water, and one biotic agent, ______, for pollination.
Plants use two abiotic agents, wind and water, and one biotic agent, ______, for pollination.
The majority of plants use ______ agents for pollination.
The majority of plants use ______ agents for pollination.
Pollen grains coming in contact with the stigma is a chance factor in both wind and water ______.
Pollen grains coming in contact with the stigma is a chance factor in both wind and water ______.
Plants produce an enormous amount of pollen when compared to the number of ______ available for pollination.
Plants produce an enormous amount of pollen when compared to the number of ______ available for pollination.
Wind pollination is more common amongst ______ pollinations.
Wind pollination is more common amongst ______ pollinations.
Self-pollination is functionally ______ while cross-pollination brings genetically different types.
Self-pollination is functionally ______ while cross-pollination brings genetically different types.
Pollen-pistil interaction begins with pollen ______ followed by promotion or inhibition.
Pollen-pistil interaction begins with pollen ______ followed by promotion or inhibition.
Breeders manipulate pollen-pistil interaction to achieve desired ______.
Breeders manipulate pollen-pistil interaction to achieve desired ______.
To study pollen germination, dust pollen on a glass slide with a drop of ______ solution.
To study pollen germination, dust pollen on a glass slide with a drop of ______ solution.
The process of removing anthers from bisexual flowers is known as ______.
The process of removing anthers from bisexual flowers is known as ______.
After emasculation, flowers are covered with a bag made of ______ paper to prevent contamination.
After emasculation, flowers are covered with a bag made of ______ paper to prevent contamination.
In artificial hybridization, the stigma must be protected from unwanted ______.
In artificial hybridization, the stigma must be protected from unwanted ______.
When the stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen from the male parent is ______ on the stigma.
When the stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen from the male parent is ______ on the stigma.
Female flower buds that produce unisexual flowers do not require ______.
Female flower buds that produce unisexual flowers do not require ______.
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Study Notes
Pollination and Flower Visitors
- Observation of flowers at various times is essential to identify animal visitors that may act as pollinators.
- Correlation between flower characteristics and visiting animals can be established through detailed observation.
- Only visitors that contact both anthers and stigma facilitate true pollination; others are classified as pollen/nectar robbers.
Outbreeding Devices in Flowering Plants
- Majority of flowering plants have hermaphrodite flowers, risking inbreeding through self-pollination, which leads to inbreeding depression.
- Mechanisms to prevent self-pollination include:
- Asynchronous release of pollen and stigma receptivity.
- Physical separation of anthers and stigma to inhibit self-contact.
- Self-incompatibility, a genetic mechanism preventing self-fertilization via pollen germination inhibition.
- Production of unisexual flowers, found in plants like castor and maize, discouraging autogamy but allowing geitonogamy.
Types of Pollination
- Xenogamy involves the transfer of pollen between different plants, promoting genetic diversity.
- Abiotic pollination primarily involves wind and water, while the majority relies on biotic agents, such as animals.
Pollination Mechanisms
- Wind pollination is a common abiotic method, where pollen transfer is a chance factor, requiring plants to produce excess pollen.
- Pollination efficiency can be studied through pollen germination experiments using sugar solutions to observe the development of pollen tubes.
Breeding Techniques in Plants
- Plant breeders utilize pollen-pistil interactions to obtain desired hybrids, even in cases of incompatibility.
- Artificial hybridization is critical for crop improvement.
- Emasculation is performed to remove anthers and avoid unwanted pollen contamination.
- Bagging ensures stigma protection until receptivity, followed by controlled pollen application from the desired male parent.
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