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Questions and Answers
What does Party Identification (PID) primarily allow citizens to do?
What does Party Identification (PID) primarily allow citizens to do?
What characterizes partisan de-alignment?
What characterizes partisan de-alignment?
Which option describes unconventional political participation?
Which option describes unconventional political participation?
What trend is observed regarding overall voting and political participation in the EU?
What trend is observed regarding overall voting and political participation in the EU?
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According to Social Identity Theory, what influences voters' alignment with political parties?
According to Social Identity Theory, what influences voters' alignment with political parties?
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What outcome does the Prisoner’s Dilemma suggest as the Dominant Strategy Equilibrium?
What outcome does the Prisoner’s Dilemma suggest as the Dominant Strategy Equilibrium?
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What term describes individuals who benefit from collective actions without incurring any costs?
What term describes individuals who benefit from collective actions without incurring any costs?
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Which philosopher believed that a Philosopher King should lead society, considering democracy as the worst option?
Which philosopher believed that a Philosopher King should lead society, considering democracy as the worst option?
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What does the Iron Law of Oligarchy suggest about organizations and governments?
What does the Iron Law of Oligarchy suggest about organizations and governments?
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What key characteristic defines authoritarianism in political systems?
What key characteristic defines authoritarianism in political systems?
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What is the primary purpose of International Organizations (IOs) in the context of global issues?
What is the primary purpose of International Organizations (IOs) in the context of global issues?
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Which of the following best describes diplomacy?
Which of the following best describes diplomacy?
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In the context of globalization, which aspect refers to the spread of ideas, values, and cultural identities?
In the context of globalization, which aspect refers to the spread of ideas, values, and cultural identities?
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What does 'Maximum Feasible Freedom' imply regarding individual interests and group interests?
What does 'Maximum Feasible Freedom' imply regarding individual interests and group interests?
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Which of the following illustrates a public good in the context of state-citizen relations?
Which of the following illustrates a public good in the context of state-citizen relations?
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What is considered the most important principle of justice?
What is considered the most important principle of justice?
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Under Nozick's principles, which action would require rectification of injustice?
Under Nozick's principles, which action would require rectification of injustice?
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Which of the following best describes liberalism?
Which of the following best describes liberalism?
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In which electoral system is high responsiveness coupled with low accountability?
In which electoral system is high responsiveness coupled with low accountability?
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Which principle states that social and economic inequalities are acceptable if they benefit the least advantaged?
Which principle states that social and economic inequalities are acceptable if they benefit the least advantaged?
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What is maximum feasible freedom aimed at achieving?
What is maximum feasible freedom aimed at achieving?
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Which aspect can lead to a more democratic political culture?
Which aspect can lead to a more democratic political culture?
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What is the characteristic feature of a plurality electoral system?
What is the characteristic feature of a plurality electoral system?
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What is the primary focus of political parties in vote-seeking?
What is the primary focus of political parties in vote-seeking?
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Which theory describes the division of citizens into politically distinct groups?
Which theory describes the division of citizens into politically distinct groups?
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What does Duverger's Law state about electoral rules?
What does Duverger's Law state about electoral rules?
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What does the Median Voter Theorem suggest about political parties' policies?
What does the Median Voter Theorem suggest about political parties' policies?
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What role does accountability play in the relationship between citizens and their government?
What role does accountability play in the relationship between citizens and their government?
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In the context of elections, what is primarily considered the instrument for democratic governance?
In the context of elections, what is primarily considered the instrument for democratic governance?
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How does the proximity spatial model describe voter preferences?
How does the proximity spatial model describe voter preferences?
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What is the implication of dynamic representation in public policy?
What is the implication of dynamic representation in public policy?
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What does fragmentation in a political party context indicate?
What does fragmentation in a political party context indicate?
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What does polarization signify in a political system?
What does polarization signify in a political system?
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What is the primary function of media in society?
What is the primary function of media in society?
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What does the Bullet theory of mass communication suggest?
What does the Bullet theory of mass communication suggest?
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In the context of media consumption, what is meant by 'self-selection'?
In the context of media consumption, what is meant by 'self-selection'?
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Which theory implies that media does not dictate how to think but influences what issues to consider?
Which theory implies that media does not dictate how to think but influences what issues to consider?
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What is a characteristic of soft power?
What is a characteristic of soft power?
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What does the term 'hegemonic stability theory' suggest?
What does the term 'hegemonic stability theory' suggest?
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What is one consequence of the democratization of voice in the context of media?
What is one consequence of the democratization of voice in the context of media?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hard power?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hard power?
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Which factors often contribute to intrastate armed conflict?
Which factors often contribute to intrastate armed conflict?
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What principle underlies the concept of 'strategic bargaining' in conflict scenarios?
What principle underlies the concept of 'strategic bargaining' in conflict scenarios?
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What is a foundational requirement for EU membership?
What is a foundational requirement for EU membership?
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What does the common foreign and security policy of the EU aim to achieve?
What does the common foreign and security policy of the EU aim to achieve?
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What is meant by 'vertical distribution of authority' in multi-level governance?
What is meant by 'vertical distribution of authority' in multi-level governance?
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Study Notes
Politics Summary
- Politics is a collective action mechanism, requiring ideology for explanation of phenomena through simplified models.
- Causality is a key component of theoretical thinking in politics. Political behavior involves influencing or avoiding influence from others.
- Ideology is a spectrum of liberal and conservative ideas.
- Left-right schema represents an ideological continuum.
- More aware people base attitudes on ideology, while less aware people are more influenced by feelings.
- Strategic positioning in politics involves adopting particular stances to attract specific voters.
- Rawls' Theory of Justice focuses on fairness, considering what would be fair if one didn't know one's own circumstances.
- Two principles of justice are: equal assignments of rights/duties and inequalities benefitting the least advantaged.
- Nozick's theory emphasizes how possessions are acquired, defining just acquisition, transfer, and rectification of injustice as principles determining fairness.
- Liberalism focuses on formal processes to guarantee fairness, while political culture describes the attitudes towards the governing structure.
Democratic Political Culture
- Democratic political culture arises from balancing individual attainment (liberty) and collective nature (equality).
- Electoral systems, like plurality and proportional representation, have varied levels of effective accountability and responsiveness.
- Democracy is portrayed as a second-best solution compared to other options.
Political Theories and Concepts
- Formal theory analyzes strategic interaction and actor choices.
- Game theory is a mathematical approach to strategic interaction, using concepts such as the Prisoner's Dilemma.
- Free riders are individuals who benefit from collective action without contributing.
- Public Policy encompasses government actions and inaction.
- Plato advocated for philosopher kings or aristocratic rule over democracy.
- Democracy includes the right to vote, be elected, and the freedom of association and expression among other factors.
- Elite theory suggests elites oversee and safeguard democracy .
- The Iron Law of Oligarchy posits that all organizations, regardless of initial structure, eventually develop oligarchic tendencies.
- Authoritarianism is characterized by a rejection of political plurality, with power concentrated in a leader.
Political Parties and Participation
- Political parties focus on winning votes, influencing policy, and obtaining office. Social cleavages shape political participation.
- Social Cleavage Theory illustrates how societal divisions (e.g., ethnic, cultural or regional) drive political conflict.
- Duverger's Law connects electoral rules with party systems.
- Spatial theory illustrates how parties position themselves on ideological spectrums.
- Median voter theorem asserts that political parties will position themselves to appeal to the median voter.
Political Participation and Media
- Disengagement from political participation is an increasing trend in many democracies.
- Social Identity Theory posits a connection between social group interests and party affiliations
- Participation may be through traditional (e.g., voting) or unconventional (e.g., protests) methods.
- Media plays a key role in shaping public opinion, with varying theories on media impact (e.g., agenda setting, cultivation).
- Mass media communication influences public awareness, often in one-way directions.
International Relations (IR) Theory
- IR examines interactions among states and non-state actors, focusing on power dynamics.
- Realism emphasizes power, self-interest, and national security.
- Neorealism highlights systematic factors influencing state behavior.
- Liberalism focuses on cooperation and peaceful conflict resolution.
- Wilsonian philosophy seeks to spread democracy for global peace.
- Balancing of power and hegemony are key concepts in international power dynamics.
- International relations often involve complex interactions amongst states and actors and there are many theoretical approaches.
Globalization and Impact
- Globalization influences the economic, cultural and political arenas.
- Technological advances have impacted cultural identity, and political behaviour
- Theories on globalization impact different areas of both interpersonal lives and political behaviour.
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Description
This quiz summarizes key concepts in political theory, including ideology, causality, and the strategic positioning of political behavior. It explores the spectrum of liberal and conservative ideas, and discusses foundational theories of justice by Rawls and Nozick. Test your understanding of these vital political principles and their implications.
